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Cognition encompasses mental processes that deal with knowledge. It includes psychological activities that acquire, store, retrieve, transform, or apply information. Cognitive processes are a fundamental part of mental life, helping individuals understand and interact with the world. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Cognitive processes are typically categorized by their function. Perception organizes and interprets sensory information, such as light and sound, to construct a coherent experience of objects and events. Attention prioritizes specific aspects while filtering out irrelevant information. Memory is the ability to retain,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
There are many theories of the nature of cognition. Classical computationalism posits that cognitive processes manipulate symbols according to formal rules, similar to how computers execute algorithms. Connectionism models the mind as a complex network of nodes where information flows as they communicate with each othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Many disciplines explore cognition, including psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science. They examine different levels of abstraction and employ distinct methods of inquiry. Some scientists study cognitive development, investigating how mental abilities grow from infancy through adulthood. While cognitive researc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Cognitions are mental processes that deal with knowledge, involving the acquisition, transformation, storage, retrieval, and use of information.[1] For example, these processes occur when reading an article, as sensory input about the text is acquired and preexisting linguistic knowledge is retrieved to interpret the t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Cognitions are a pervasive part of mental life, and many cognitive processes happen simultaneously. They are essential for understanding and interacting with the world by making individuals aware of their environment and helping them plan and execute appropriate responses.[3] Thought is a characteristic form of cogniti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Cognitive activities can happen consciously, such as when a person deliberately analyzes a problem step by step. They can also take place unconsciously, such as automatic mechanisms responsible for language processing and facial recognition.[7] Many fields of inquiry study cognition, including psychology, cognitive sci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
The term cognition originates from the Indo-European root gnō-, meaning 'to know'. This root is present in the Latin term gnōscere, also meaning 'to know', which led to the formation of the verb cognōscere, meaning 'to learn, to understand'. Through its perfect participle cognitus, the Latin verb entered Middle English... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Cognitive processes encompass various types, each managing different information and performing distinct functions within the human mind. They are sometimes divided into basic processes, like perception and memory, and higher-order processes, like thinking. This distinction rests on the idea that higher-order processes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Perception is the organization and interpretation of sensory information about the world. It is a complex mental activity that involves the interplay of diverse cognitive processes, many of which occur automatically and unconsciously. It starts with physical stimuli, such as light or sound, which are detected by recept... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Certain cognitive processes are responsible for detecting basic features in sensory data, such as edges, colors, and pitches, while others process spatial location. Object recognition is another function that compares this information with stored representations in search of known patterns, such as recognizing a famili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Cognitive processes responsible for perception rely on various heuristics to simplify problems and reduce cognitive labor. For example, visual perception often assumes that the size, shape, and color of objects remain constant to ensure a consistent view despite changes in perspective or lighting. Heuristics sometimes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Different forms of perception are associated with distinct types of stimuli and receptors. Visual perception—the detection and interpretation of light—is a primary source of knowledge about the external environment for humans. Other forms of perception include hearing, touch, smell, and taste. Data from these different... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Attention is a central aspect of mental processes that focuses cognitive resources on certain stimuli or features. It involves the selection or prioritization of specific aspects while filtering out irrelevant information. For example, attention is responsible for the cocktail party effect, in which the brain isolates ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Memory is the ability to retain, store, and retrieve information. It includes the capacity to consciously recall past experiences and is central to many other cognitive activities that rely on stored data to process information and coordinate behavior. Memory processes have three stages: an input phase where new inform... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Working memory stores information temporarily, making it available to other cognitive processes while allowing manipulation of the stored information. During mental arithmetic, for example, the working memory holds and updates intermediate results while calculations are performed.[19] The term is sometimes used interch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Long-term memory is typically divided into episodic, semantic, and procedural memory based on the type of information involved.[22] Episodic memory deals with information about past personal experiences and events. New memories are stored as a person undergoes experiences and can be accessed later, either by accessing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Procedural memory handles practical knowledge of how to do things. It encompasses learned skills that can be executed, like the ability to ride a bicycle or to type on a keyboard.[25] As a form of know-how, procedural memory is distinct from the capacity to verbally describe the exact procedure involved in the executio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
The different forms of memory play a central role in learning, which involves the acquisition of novel information, skills, or habits, as well as refining existing knowledge and skills. Learning occurs through experience and enables individuals to adapt to their environment. It happens either intentionally, such as thr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Thinking is a mental activity in which concepts, ideas, and mental representations are considered and manipulated. Many cognitive processes fall into this category, including reasoning, concept formation, problem solving, and decision-making.[30] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Logical reasoning deals with information in the form of statements by inferring a conclusion from a set of premises. It proceeds in a rigorous and norm-governed manner to ensure that the conclusion is rationally convincing and supported by the premises.[31] Logical reasoning encompasses deductive and non-deductive reas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Problem-solving is a goal-directed activity that aims to overcome obstacles and arrive at a pre-defined objective. This happens, for instance, when determining the best route for an upcoming trip. Problem-solving starts with comprehending the problem, which typically involves an understanding of the initial state, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Closely related to problem-solving, decision-making is the cognitive process of choosing between courses of action. To determine the best alternative, it weighs the different options by assessing their advantages and disadvantages—for example, by considering their positive and negative consequences. According to expect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Different forms of thinking rely on concepts, which are general ideas or mental representations to sort objects into classes, like the concepts animal and table. Concept formation is the process of acquiring a new concept by learning to identify its instances and grasping its relation to other concepts. This process he... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
A language, such as English, Japanese, or American Sign Language, is a structured communication system based on symbols and rules to share information and coordinate action. Language plays a central role in everyday life and influences other cognitive processes, but there are disagreements about the extent of these inf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Language acquisition happens naturally in early childhood through exposure to a linguistic environment. It is a complex process since the system of spoken language is made up of several layers.[37] At the fundamental level are basic sounds or sound units. They usually do not have linguistic meaning themselves but are c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Language comprehension is the process of understanding spoken, written, and signed language. It involves the coordination of various cognitive skills to recognize words, consult memory to access their meanings, analyze sentence structures, and use contextual information to interpret their implications. Additional diffi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
While language comprehension seeks to uncover the meaning of pre-existing linguistic messages, language production involves the inverse process of generating linguistic expressions to convey thoughts. Before a statement can be precisely formulated, speakers construct a general idea of what they wish to express, and a r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Cognitive processes can be conscious or unconscious. Conscious processes, such as attentively solving a math problem step by step or recalling a vivid memory, involve active awareness. Unconscious processes, such as the low-level processes underlying face recognition and language processing, operate automatically witho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
A related distinction is between controlled and automatic processes. Controlled processes are actively guided by the individual's intentions, such as when a person deliberately shifts attention from one object of perception to another. These processes are flexible and adaptable to new situations but require more cognit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Consciousness is closely related to metacognition, which encompasses any knowledge or cognitive process that deals with information about cognition. Some forms of metacognition only manage or store information about other aspects of cognition, like knowing that one can recall a specific memory. Others play an active ro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Social cognitions are mental activities through which individuals make sense of social phenomena. They include diverse types, such as the recognition of faces and facial expressions, the interpretation of intentions and behavior, and the evaluation of social cues and dynamics. A central topic in this field is theory of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Cognitive processes do not always function as they should, and can lead to inaccuracies, either because of natural errors associated with cognitive biases or as a result of pathological impairments from cognitive disorders. Cognitive biases are systematic ways in which human thinking deviates from ideal norms of ration... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Cognitive disorders involve a more pronounced deviation from typical mental functioning. High-level cognitive abilities usually require the interaction of many low-level processes. Impairments affecting a specific subprocess often result in a partial malfunction of the high-level process while leaving its other functio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Various theories of the nature of cognition have been proposed. They provide conceptualizations and models to represent cognitive processes, explain empirical data, and predict experimental outcomes. Some theories propose interpretations of the overall cognitive architecture[c] of the mind, seeking to explain cognition... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Computationalism asserts that cognition is a type of computation, highlighting the similarities between minds and computers. In its classical form, it argues that the brain represents information through strings of symbols. It treats thought as symbol manipulation: cognitions operate on strings to create new strings. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
According to classical computationalism, any cognitive activity is at its fundamental level a formal symbol manipulation, including perception, reasoning, planning, and language processing. Researchers using this perspective analyze and distinguish cognitive processes by examining the types of representations involved ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Classical computationalism is closely related to the information-processing approach, which assumes that most cognitive activities are complex processes arising from the interaction of several subprocesses. Each process is characterized by the function it performs, which is connected to the input information it obtains... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
The language of thought hypothesis is a version of classical computationalism arguing that thought happens through the medium of an internal linguistic system, termed mentalese, similar to natural languages such as English. According to this view, internal symbols and their combination into strings are like words and s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Some symbol-based approaches use formal logic as a model of cognition. According to this view, internal representations have the form of statements, similar to declarative sentences. Computational processes are conceptualized as rules of inference, which take one or more sentences as input and produce a new sentence as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
A similar approach interprets cognition as the application of if–then rules to generate new representations. According to this outlook, a cognitive system is made up of many rules, each defined by one or more conditions together with an output procedure. If information stored in the working memory satisfies all the con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Connectionism is another form of computationalism that differs from classical computationalism in various ways. It agrees that cognitions are computations but proposes a different cognitive architecture based on a complex network of nodes. The nodes are locally linked to each other, and the activity of each node depend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Connectionists typically reject the serial and hierarchical models common in classical computationalism. Instead, they argue that cognition happens in parallel as countless neurons work simultaneously without a central control system guiding the process.[67] Another difference is that connnectionism focuses on non-symb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
To reduce complexity, cognitive scientists often rely on idealized models that focus on activation levels and connections between nodes. These models typically ignore the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms in the brain. In this regard, there are various parallels between connectionist models of the mind and the n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Both classical computationalism and some forms of connectionism[d] accept representationalism, which holds that information is stored in representations that depict the state of the world. Representations can take various forms, such as symbols, images, and concepts, as well as non-symbolic patterns used to model highe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Anti-representationalists reject the idea that cognition is about representing the world through internal models. They assert that intelligence arises from the interaction between an organism and its environment rather than from internal processes alone. For example, some approaches in behaviorism and situated robotics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Anti-representationalism is closely related to 4E cognition, a family of views critical of prioritizing internal representations. 4E cognition examines the relation between mind, body, and environment through four approaches: embodied, embedded, extended, and enactive cognition. Embodied cognition is the idea that cogn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
The modularity of mind is an approach that analyzes the cognitive system in terms of independent mental modules. Each module is an inborn mechanism that deals only with a specific type of information while being mostly unaware of the activities of other modules. Mental modules are primarily used to explain low-level co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Bayesianism uses probability theory to model cognitive activities such as learning, vision, and motor control. Its central idea is that representations of the environment have degrees of uncertainty. It uses probability theory to deal with this uncertainty and handle incoming information.[76] Bayesianism is sometimes c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Dual process theory relies on the distinction between automatic and controlled processes to analyze cognitive phenomena. It conceptualizes them as two systems and proposes different models of their interaction. According to the default-interventionist model, the automatic system generates intuitive judgments while the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Various theories of cognition are discussed in ancient Indian philosophy, often inspired by Vedic scriptures that were composed roughly between 1500 and 600 BCE. Many propose that the mind is divided into different faculties that deal with specific cognitive processes. For example, manas is often understood as the sens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Cognitive development is the progressive growth of mental abilities from infancy through adulthood as individuals acquire and improve cognitive skills and learn from experience. Some changes occur continuously as gradual improvements over extended periods. Others involve discontinuous transitions in the form of abrupt ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Various theories of the general mechanisms and stages of cognitive development have been proposed. Jean Piaget (1896–1980) divided the process into four stages, each marked by an increasing capacity for abstraction and systematic understanding.[e] In the initial sensory-motor stage, from birth to about two years, child... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
In contrast to Piaget's approach, Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934) argued that social interaction is the primary driver of cognitive development without clearly demarcated stages. This theory holds that children learn new skills by engaging in tasks under the guidance of knowledgeable others. It emphasizes the role of language... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Some influences on cognitive development occur before birth, due to factors like nutrition, maternal stress, and harmful substances like alcohol during pregnancy.[87] Developments are most rapid during childhood and affect all major cognitive faculties, including perception, memory, thinking, and language. Cognitive ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
The nature versus nurture debate addresses the causes of cognitive development, contrasting the influences of inborn dispositions with the effects of environment and experience. Empiricists identify environment and experience as the main factors. This view is inspired by John Locke's idea that the mind of an infant is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Animal cognition encompasses the mechanisms by which animals acquire, process, and use information to guide flexible, goal-directed behavior. Animals use cognitive abilities for many daily tasks—for example, to find and recognize food, navigate territory, seek shelter, hunt prey, avoid predators, interact socially, com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Researchers examine various areas of animal cognition. To study the ability to form abstract concepts, they examine whether an animal can grasp a category through generalization and apply it to cases not encountered before. For instance, chimpanzees can learn concepts of different numbers. As a result, they acquire var... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Comparative cognition is the study of the similarities and differences in cognitive abilities across species. It is an interdisciplinary field of inquiry that also considers evolutionary factors. For example, researchers investigate which cognitive traits are required to solve particular socioecological problems and ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Artificial cognition uses computational systems to emulate and model cognitive processes, like perception and reasoning, with central applications in artificial intelligence and robotics.[95] Artificial and human cognition have different strengths and weaknesses. For example, artificial cognition excels at rapidly proc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
The field of artificial cognitive systems explores the possibility of autonomous machines with human-like cognition. This encompasses not only artificial intelligence at the level of individual tasks, such as object detection or language translation, but also the integration of diverse cognitive processes. The aim is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Many fields of inquiry study cognition, including psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science. They examine different aspects of cognition, ranging from high-level computational processes to low-level neural mechanisms, and employ distinct methods to reach their conclusions. There is substantial overlap among these... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Cognitive psychology examines mental activities responsible for cognitive phenomena and intelligent behavior. It uses the scientific method to study cognitive processes like perception, memory, reasoning, and language. Although mental activities mediate between stimuli and responses, they are not directly observable, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Cognitive psychologists use diverse methods to gather data for empirical validation. Experimental methods create controlled situations in which certain factors, called independent variables, can be changed. The main interest is in how these factors influence individuals in the situation. By measuring the effects, calle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Cognitive neuroscience investigates how the nervous system gives rise to cognition. It is particularly interested in the brain, covering both micro-scale studies of individual neurons and synapses as well as the macro-scale analyses of interactions between brain regions. For example, cognitive neuroscientists study the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Cognitive neuroscientists employ neuroimaging techniques to study brain activity, including electroencephalography (EEG), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). These techniques visualize neural processes by measuring phenomena such as electrical or magnetic changes and bl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
A different approach, common in computational or theoretical neuroscience, is to design computational or mathematical models of cognitive systems. This approach explores possible explanations of observed mental phenomena and neural activities by modeling and simulating underlying brain mechanisms.[105] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary field informed by psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, linguistics, and artificial intelligence. It seeks to integrate the insights of these disciplines and provide a unified perspective. To this end, it adopts a common conceptualization of minds as information processors, und... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
To bridge disciplinary and methodological divides between the different fields, it identifies distinct levels of analysis corresponding to different degrees of abstraction. For example, neuroscientific analysis of the electrochemical activity of brain areas belongs to a concrete level that deals with the biological mec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Many fields of inquiry have subareas dedicated to cognitive phenomena. For example, cognitive linguistics is a subarea of linguistics that investigates the relation between language and cognition. It studies the cognitive processes responsible for grammar, conceptualization, language comprehension, and language product... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Various branches of philosophy address cognition, including philosophy of mind and epistemology. Philosophers of mind examine the nature of cognition and related concepts, such as mind, representation, and consciousness.[112] They are particularly interested in the relation between the mind and the body[113] and the pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Education studies examine the nature, purposes, practices, and outcomes of education, and investigate the cognitive development of children and studies how knowledge is transmitted, acquired, and organized.[117] This discipline overlaps with cognitive psychology and cognitive science because of its interest in learning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Psychometrics examines how mental attributes can be measured. It includes the discussion of cognitive tests, which are methods designed to assess cognitive abilities. IQ tests estimate overall cognitive performance by measuring how individuals perform on tasks involving logical reasoning, verbal comprehension, spatial ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Cognitive enhancement encompasses diverse ways to improve mental performance, including biochemical, behavioral, and physical factors. Biochemical approaches include balanced nutrition and psychoactive substances like caffeine and amphetamine. Behavioral enhancements cover physical exercise, sufficient sleep, meditatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Cognitive behavior therapy is a psychotherapy that analyzes psychological problems in terms of cognitive processes. It argues that maladaptive automatic thoughts, cognitive distortions, and unhealthy core beliefs lead to inaccurate interpretations of events, emotional distress, and problematic behavior. For example, if... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Many topics in computer science are relevant to cognition, particularly for approaches that understand cognition in terms of computation and information processing. Theories of computation examine the nature of computation and explore which problems can be solved computationally. Computer architecture has parallels wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Cognitive research has its roots in ancient philosophy. Early work took the form of reflections on the nature and sources of knowledge, proposed divisions of the mind into separate faculties, and analyzed specific cognitive processes, like perception and deductive reasoning.[126] Plato (c. 428–347 BCE) examined how kno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Experimental research into cognitive processes began in the late 19th century with Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) and his student Edward Bradford Titchener (1867–1927). They laid the foundations of scientific psychology by introducing controlled laboratory experiments, such as measuring responses and reaction times to stimu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Difficulties in measuring internal cognitive events led to the rise of behaviorism, which sought to explain observable conduct through stimulus–response patterns without reference to unobservable mental states. Initially developed by John B. Watson (1878–1958), it dominated psychological research in the first half of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
Jean Piaget (1896–1980) applied these ideas to developmental psychology and proposed a series of cognitive stages through which children pass as they gradually acquire the capacity for abstract thinking.[81] Donald Broadbent (1926–1993) integrated ideas from the information theory of communication, developed by Claude ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
These developments across several fields of inquiry led to the formation of cognitive science in the 1970s.[141] David Marr (1945–1980) helped unify this interdisciplinary field with the tri-level hypothesis, proposing that the distinct disciplines work on different levels of abstraction but are fundamentally concerned... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition |
DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning DeepSeek-AI research@deepseek.com Abstract General reasoning represents a long-standing and formidable challenge in artificial intelli- gence. Recent breakthroughs, exemplified by large language models (LLMs) (Brown et al., 2020; OpenAI,... | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.12948 |
The SG-1000[a] is a home video game console manufactured by Sega. It was Sega's first entry into the home video game hardware business. Developed in response to a downturn in arcades starting in 1982, the SG-1000 was created on the advice of Hayao Nakayama, president of Sega's Japanese arm, and was released on July 15,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-1000 |
The SG-1000 was released in several forms, including the SC-3000 computer and the redesigned SG-1000 II[b] released in 1984. The SG-1000 and the SC-3000 both support a library of 51 ROM cartridge games and 29 Sega My Card games. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-1000 |
A third iteration of the console, the Mark III, was released in 1985. It provided an improved custom video display processor over previous iterations and served as the basis for the Master System in 1986, Sega's first internationally released console. All SG-1000 games are fully compatible with the Mark III and the Jap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-1000 |
In the early 1980s, Sega Enterprises, Inc., then a subsidiary of Gulf and Western Industries, was one of the top five arcade game manufacturers active in the United States, as company revenues rose to $214 million.[1] A downturn in the arcade business starting in 1982 seriously hurt the company, leading Gulf and Weste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-1000 |
The first model to be developed was the SC-3000, a computer with a built-in keyboard, but when Sega learned of Nintendo's plans to release a games-only console, they began developing the SG-1000 alongside the SC-3000.[6] The "SG" in the console's name is an abbreviation for "Sega Game",[7] and the console is also somet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-1000 |
The SG-1000 was first released in Japan on July 15, 1983, at ¥15,000.[7] It was released on the same day as Nintendo launched the Family Computer (Famicom) in Japan.[5][9] It was released simultaneously with the SC-3000,[5][10][11] as well as the upgraded SC-3000H.[12] Though Sega themselves only released the SG-1000 i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-1000 |
Due in part to the SG-1000's steadier stream of releases (21 SG-1000 games by the end of 1983, as compared to only 9 Famicom games), and in part to a recall on Famicom units necessitated by a faulty circuit, the SG-1000 sold 160,000 units in 1983, far exceeding Sega's projection of 50,000.[6] Former Sega consumer hardw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-1000 |
Following the buyout, Sega released another console, the SG-1000 II, on July 31, 1984,[11][8] at ¥15,000.[19] It is sometimes referred to as the "SG-1000 Mark II".[8] The SG-1000 II replaced the hardwired joystick with two detachable joypads.[5] Sato disliked the original cartridges, saying they looked like "small bla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-1000 |
By 1984, the Famicom's success began to outpace the SG-1000. The Famicom had more advanced hardware, allowing it to perform smoother scrolling and more colorful sprites, and Nintendo boosted its games library by courting third-party developers, whereas Sega was less than eager to collaborate with the same companies the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-1000 |
The SG-1000 is powered by an 8-bit Zilog Z80A central processing unit rated for 4 MHz, but runs at 3.58 MHz. Its Video Display Processor (VDP) is a Texas Instruments TMS9918A, capable of displaying up to 15 colors, and its sound processor is a Texas Instruments SN76489AN.[5][16] The system includes 8 kbit (1 KB) of mai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-1000 |
The SC-3000 includes hardware nearly identical to the SG-1000, but includes a built-in rubber keyboard and 16 kbit (2 KB) of main RAM.[10][21] The SC-3000H retains the same technical specifications as the SC-3000, but uses a plastic keyboard instead and includes some altered keycaps.[12] BASIC cartridges containing up ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-1000 |
Several peripherals exist for the SG-1000 series. Available at ¥13,800 at its time of release, the SK-1100 keyboard connects through the expansion slot and is compatible with all models.[22] Multiple controllers were created, including the SJ-200 joystick attached to the SG-1000, and the SJ-150 joypad, made for use wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-1000 |
Sega's software library for the SG-1000 and SC-3000 consists of 51 game cartridges, which includes both licensed titles from Sega and also the titles released for the licensed console from Tsukuda Original Co., Ltd. called the Othello Multivision, as well as 29 Sega My Card releases that required the Card Catcher add-o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-1000 |
The SG-1000 console series (including the Mark III) sold over 1.4 million units in Japan as of 1988[update],[30] with the original SG-1000 model having sold 400,000 units in Japan.[31] The SC-3000 home computer model sold 120,000 units in Japan during 1983,[32] and went on to sell about 300,000 units worldwide.[33] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-1000 |
The SG-1000 made little impact on the video game industry, but has been recognized for being Sega's first video game console. Retro Gamer writer Damien McFerran said it was an "abject failure", but called it and the SG-1000 II "the Japanese forefathers of the Master System".[8] Writing for Wired, Chris Kohler criticiz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-1000 |
Hideki Sato reflected positively on the innovations in the development of the SG-1000, but admitted that the console had limitations because of how new the market was and that Sega was inexperienced in developing for a video game console at the time. According to Sato, "The problem was, while we knew how to make arcad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG-1000 |
The History of Java is a book written by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles and published in 1817. The first volume describes the physical features of the island and Javanese people and their language, while the second covers the island's religion, ruins and arts, and its history up to 1811. Raffles was the British lieutenant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_Java |
In 1811 Raffles was appointed as the British lieutenant governor of Java and served until 1816.[1] During his short time in the post, British Java saw a surge of archaeological surveys and government attention on local culture, art and history.[2]: 421 [3]: 70–71 Raffles collected over thirty tons of Javanese objects ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_Java |
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