Datasets:
id stringlengths 1 4 | name stringlengths 3 42 | new_name stringlengths 5 42 | long_name stringlengths 3 80 | start_year stringlengths 1 6 | end_year stringlengths 1 5 | duration stringlengths 2 4 | century int64 -11,400 2k | regioncluster stringclasses 45
values | statecode stringclasses 133
values | dr1pop float64 0 0.9 ⌀ | dr1terr float64 0.1 1 ⌀ | dr1war float64 0.1 0.7 ⌀ | dr1rel float64 0 0.7 ⌀ | dr1soc float64 -0.2 0.1 ⌀ | dr1pow float64 0 0.3 ⌀ | dr1infrastr float64 0.1 0.6 ⌀ | dr1infomedia float64 0 0.6 ⌀ | dr1economy float64 0 0.5 ⌀ | dr1agri float64 0 0.5 ⌀ | dr1scale float64 0 0.7 ⌀ | dr1end float64 -0.3 0 ⌀ | dr1notes stringlengths 279 740 ⌀ | dr1references stringlengths 14 817 ⌀ | m3mpop float64 0.1 0.9 | m3mterr float64 0.1 0.9 | m3mwar float64 0.1 0.7 | m3mrel float64 0.1 0.7 | m3msoc float64 -0.2 0.1 | m3mpow float64 0 0.3 | m3minfrastr float64 0.1 0.7 | m3minfomedia float64 0 0.6 | m3meconomy float64 0 0.5 | m3magri float64 0 0.5 | m3mscale float64 0 0.7 | m3mend float64 -0.3 0 | m3mnotes stringlengths 379 800 | m3mreferences stringlengths 13 518 ⌀ | l31lpop float64 0.1 1 ⌀ | l31lterr float64 0.1 1 ⌀ | l31lwar float64 0.1 0.7 ⌀ | l31lrel float64 0.1 0.7 ⌀ | l31lsoc float64 -0.2 0.1 ⌀ | l31lpow float64 0 0.3 ⌀ | l31linfrastr float64 0.1 0.7 ⌀ | l31linfomedia float64 0 0.6 ⌀ | l31leconomy float64 0 0.5 ⌀ | l31lagri float64 0 0.5 ⌀ | l31lscale float64 0 0.6 ⌀ | l31lend float64 -0.3 0 ⌀ | l31lnotes stringlengths 222 1.05k ⌀ | l31lreferences stringlengths 14 439 ⌀ | nga stringclasses 35
values | capitalcity stringclasses 35
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-188 | Tsetsaut | ca_tset | Tsetsaut | 1400 | 1800 | 400 | 1,600 | West Coast, the Rockies, and Canada | ca | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Tsetsaut ('Those of the Interior') were a small Athapaskan-speaking group inhabiting the rugged Portland Inlet area of northern British Columbia. They were hunter-gatherers, reliant on mountain goats, caribou, and salmon. Their society was organized into small, semi-nomadic matrilineal clans. By the late 19th centu... | Dunn, John A. 'The Tsetsaut: A Northern Athapaskan Group.' in A History of the Native People of Canada, Volume III. Canadian Museum of History, 2007.; Boas, Franz. 'Tenth Report on the Indians of British Columbia.' in Report of the 64th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1894.; Albright,... | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.1 | The Tsetsaut were an Athabaskan-speaking Indigenous group inhabiting the coastal and inland regions of present-day British Columbia and Alaska. They lived as hunter-gatherers, relying on fishing, hunting, and foraging. Their population remained small, with semi-nomadic bands. Contact with neighboring groups like the Tl... | Drucker, Philip. The Northern and Central Nootkan Tribes. Smithsonian Institution, 1951. | Vinkovetsky, Ilya. 'The Tsetsaut: A Forgotten Athapaskan People.' Arctic Anthropology, vol. 47, no. 1, 2010, pp. 1-15. | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Tsetsaut were an indigenous people living in Western North America, specifically in the region that is now northwestern British Columbia and southeastern Alaska. They were a small tribe with a population of around 1,000 people. Their traditional territory was approximately 500 km2. The Tsetsaut were skilled hunters... | Emmons, George Thornton. The Tlingit Indians. University of Washington Press, 1991. Thornton, Thomas F. Being and Place Among the Tlingit. University of Washington Press, 2008. | null | null |
-185 | OldCord | us_ocul | Old Cordilleran Culture | -7000 | -5500 | 1500 | -6,300 | West Coast, the Rockies, and Canada | us | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | The Old Cordilleran Culture was a widespread hunter-gatherer tradition centered in the Pacific Northwest. People exploited riverine and coastal resources, particularly salmon, using distinctive leaf-shaped Cascade projectile points. No evidence of centralized rulers or warfare exists. Society was likely organized into ... | Butler, B. R. (1961). The Old Cordilleran Culture in the Pacific Northwest. Idaho State College Museum, Pocatello.; Ames, K. M., & Maschner, H. D. G. (1999). Peoples of the Northwest Coast: Their Archaeology and Prehistory. Thames and Hudson.; Chatters, J. C. (1998). Environment. In Handbook of North American Indians (... | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Old Cordilleran Culture (7000–5500 BC) was a prehistoric hunter-gatherer society in western North America, characterized by lithic tool production and seasonal mobility. No centralized leadership or warfare is evident, though small-scale conflicts may have occurred. Subsistence relied on foraging, fishing, and earl... | Ames, Kenneth M. The Northwest Coast: Archaeological Perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology, 2005. | Carlson, Roy L. The Old Cordilleran Culture in the Pacific Northwest. Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 1983. | Fladmark, Knut R. Routes: Travel and Communication in Prehistoric Northwest North America. Archaeology ... | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Old Cordilleran Culture existed in Western North America between 7000 and 5500 BC. They were hunter-gatherers with a diet rich in fish, shellfish, and land mammals. They used stone tools and had a simple social structure. The culture declined due to changes in climate and the introduction of new technologies. | Matson, R. G., & Magne, M. P. R. (2007). Athapaskan Migrations: The Archaeology of Eagle Lake, British Columbia. University of Arizona Press. | null | null |
-184 | Plano | ca_plan | Plano Culture | -8000 | -5000 | 3000 | -6,500 | West Coast, the Rockies, and Canada | ca | 0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Plano culture was an Archaic-period hunter-gatherer society, not a polity. It emerged as the Paleo-Indian big-game hunters adapted to a warming post-glacial environment. Characterized by sophisticated Folsom and later Plano-style projectile points, they hunted bison herds using communal drives. Society was likely e... | Buchner, Anthony P., and Christopher C. Hanks. 'The First Albertans: An Overview of the Archaeology of the First 11,000 Years.' Alberta: A New Century, 1990. Kornfeld, Marcel, et al. '10,000 Years in the Rockies: The Prehistory of Alberta's Rockies.' Arctic Anthropology, vol. 38, no. 2, 2001, pp. 1–27. Frison, George C... | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.1 | The Plano Culture (8000–5000 BC) was a Paleo-Indian tradition in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. They were mobile hunter-gatherers, relying on bison hunting and foraging. Their lithic technology included distinctive projectile points (e.g., Scottsbluff, Eden). No evidence of warfare or social stratification exist... | Hofman, Jack L. \ | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Plano Culture existed in Western North America between 8000 and 5000 BC. They were hunter-gatherers with a population of around 1000 people. They had a simple social structure and their power was based on force. They had basic infrastructure, such as routes and quarries, and their economy was based on subsistence a... | Frison, George C. Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains. Academic Press, 1991. | null | null |
-183 | Folsom | us_fols | Folsom Culture | -8500 | -7500 | 1000 | -8,000 | West Coast, the Rockies, and Canada | us | 0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | The Folsom Culture consisted of highly mobile, small bands of Paleoindian bison hunters. Their society was egalitarian with no evidence of stratified elites. Their most significant technological development was the finely crafted, fluted Folsom point, used to hunt now-extinct Bison antiquus. The main type site is the F... | Meltzer, D. J. (2006). Folsom: New Archaeological Investigations of a Classic Paleoindian Bison Kill. University of California Press. | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.1 | The Folsom Culture (c. 8500–7500 BC) was a Paleo-Indian group in North America known for their distinctive fluted projectile points. They were highly mobile hunter-gatherers, specializing in bison hunting. No evidence of warfare or social stratification exists; their society was likely egalitarian. Their material cultu... | Hofman, Jack L. \ | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.1 | The Folsom Culture is a prehistoric culture that existed in the Great Plains region of Western North America from around 8500 to 7500 BC. It is characterized by the use of Folsom points, which are a type of stone projectile point. The culture is believed to have been a nomadic hunter-gatherer society, with a diet consi... | Frison, G. C. (1991). Prehistoric hunters of the High Plains. Academic Press. pp. 123-135, Holliday, V. T. (2000). Folsom drought and episodic drying on the Great Plains from 10,000 to 10,500 14C yr B.P. Quaternary Research, 53(1), 1-12. | null | null |
-182 | Clovis | us_clov | Clovis Culture | -9500 | -8000 | 1500 | -8,800 | West Coast, the Rockies, and Canada | us | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | -0.1 | Highly mobile Paleoindian big-game hunters, primarily targeting mammoth and bison. Characterized by distinctive, fluted Clovis projectile points. No evidence of centralized rulers; likely organized in small, egalitarian, kin-based bands. The type site is Blackwater Draw, New Mexico. Experienced rapid cultural expansion... | Meltzer, D. J. (2009). First Peoples in a New World: Colonizing Ice Age America. University of California Press.; Waters, M. R., & Stafford, T. W. (2007). Redefining the age of Clovis: implications for the peopling of the Americas. Science, 315(5815), 1122-1126.; Haynes, G. (2002). The early settlement of North America... | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.1 | The Clovis Culture (c. -9500 to -8000) was a Paleo-Indian society known for distinctive fluted projectile points. They were highly mobile hunter-gatherers, relying on megafauna hunting. No centralized leadership or warfare is evident, though intergroup conflicts may have occurred. Their religion likely involved animism... | Haynes, Gary. \ | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.1 | The Clovis culture is a prehistoric Paleoindian culture, named for distinct stone tools found near Clovis, New Mexico. It existed from approximately 13,500 to 12,800 years ago. The Clovis people are believed to have been highly mobile, following game and seasonal food sources. They likely had a relatively flat social s... | Haynes, Gary. (2002). The Early Settlement of North America: The Clovis Era. Cambridge University Press. | null | null |
-173 | Archaic Hunter-Gatherers | ar_archaic | Argentinian Archaic Hunter-Gatherer Groups | -7000 | -500 | 6500 | -3,800 | Parguay, Uruguay, Argentina | ar | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Highly mobile hunter-gatherer bands exploiting diverse Patagonian ecosystems. No evidence for warfare, rulers, or centralized authority. Economy based on guanaco hunting, shellfish gathering, and use of lithic technology. Development of distinctive projectile point styles (e.g., Fell points). Ritualistic treatment of t... | Borrero, L.A. (2008). Early Patagonian hunter-gatherers: diversity and discontinuities. In: Scheinsohn, V. (eds) Ancient Peoples of Patagonia. Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74985-5_3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Early hunter-gatherer groups in Patagonia and Pampas, such as the Casapedrense and Toldense cultures, relied on guanaco hunting and plant foraging. No centralized power or warfare; egalitarian social structures. Rock art and burial sites suggest animistic beliefs. Climate shifts around 3000 BC may have influenced mobil... | Borrero, L. A. (1994). 'Archaeology of Patagonia: Hunter-Gatherers in the Southern Cone of South America.' Journal of World Prehistory, 8(3), 243-296. Miotti, L. (2006). 'Early Human Settlement of Southern South America.' Quaternary International, 148(1), 37-47. | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | The Argentinian Archaic Hunter-Gatherer Groups were small, mobile groups of people who survived by hunting and gathering in the southern regions of South America between 7000 and 500 BC. They had a simple, egalitarian social structure and did not have a complex system of governance or infrastructure. They likely had a ... | Borrero, Luis Alberto. The Prehistory of Patagonia. Springer, 2017. | null | null |
-172 | Paleoindians | ar_paleo | Argentinian Paleoindian Cultures | -10000 | -7000 | 3000 | -8,500 | Parguay, Uruguay, Argentina | ar | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Highly mobile hunter-gatherer bands exploiting diverse ecological zones (pampas, Patagonia, foothills). Relied on megafauna (giant ground sloths, horses) and guanaco. Used distinctive 'fishtail' projectile points. No evidence of social stratification or formal leadership. Ritualistic treatment of the dead suggests earl... | Flegenheimer, N., et al. (2013). 'The Cerro El Sombrero site, Argentina, and the early peopling of the Americas.' PaleoAmerica, 1(1), 88-104. Miotti, L., & Salemme, M. (2004). 'Poblamiento, movilidad y territorios entre las sociedades cazadoras-recolectoras de Patagonia.' Complutum, 15, 177-206. | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Early Paleoindian groups in Argentina, such as the Fell's Cave and Los Toldos cultures, were hunter-gatherers who migrated into Patagonia. They relied on megafauna hunting and foraging. No centralized power or warfare existed, but small bands had egalitarian social structures. Rock art and burial practices suggest anim... | Borrero, L. A. (1999). The Archaeology of Patagonia: From the Pleistocene to the Present. Journal of World Prehistory, 13(1), 1-55. Miotti, L. (2006). Hunter-Gatherer Mobility and Technological Organization in the Late Pleistocene of Southern South America. Current Anthropology, 47(4), 625-634. | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | The Toldense culture is a Paleoindian culture that existed in the Argentine Pampas between 10,000 and 9,000 years ago. They were hunter-gatherers who lived in small groups and survived on a diet of guanacos, ñandúes, and other small game. | González, Alberto Rex. 1960. La estratigrafía de la región pampeana. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 15(1-2): 53-68. | null | null |
-163 | Neolithic Tibet | cn_neolith | Early Neolithic Cultures of the Tibetan Plateau | -9000 | -2500 | 6500 | -5,800 | Tibet | cn | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | Small, mobile hunter-gatherer groups transitioning to sedentary life. Initial colonization of the high plateau, adaptation to extreme altitude. Development of microlithic tool technology for hunting. Earliest evidence of barley cultivation and yak/ sheep pastoralism from ~3600 BC. No evidence of centralized rulers or s... | Chen, F.H., Dong, G.H., Zhang, D.J. et al. Agriculture facilitated permanent human occupation of the Tibetan Plateau after 3600 BP. Science 347, 248–250 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259172; Madsen, D. B., Ma, H., Brantingham, P. J., Xing, G., Rhode, D., Perreault, C., ... & Olsen, J. W. (2006). The Late Upp... | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | Early Neolithic cultures on the Tibetan Plateau (c. 9000–2500 BC) were characterized by small, semi-sedentary communities practicing incipient agriculture and pastoralism. Evidence from sites like Chusang and Karuo suggests millet cultivation and barley domestication. Burial practices indicate ancestor veneration. Limi... | Chen, Fahu, et al. 'Agricultural origins on the Tibetan Plateau.' Science 346.6210 (2014): 447-450. | d'Alpoim Guedes, Jade, et al. 'The origins of agriculture on the Tibetan Plateau.' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112.24 (2015): 7376-7381. | Zhang, Chi, and David K. Zhang. 'The Neolithic of the Tibet... | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Early Neolithic Cultures of the Tibetan Plateau, also known as the Yangshao culture, existed from around 9000 to 2500 BCE. This period saw the introduction of agriculture, with crops such as millet and wheat being cultivated. The population was relatively small, with estimates suggesting around 1000-5000 people. Th... | Chen, F. H., et al. \ | null | null |
-161 | Samoyeds | ru_samoy | Samoyedic Tribes | 1000 | 1700 | 700 | 1,400 | Urals, West Siberia, Central Siberia, Yakutia | ru | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Nenets (Yurak Samoyeds) were nomadic reindeer herders and hunters in the tundra and forest-tundra zones between the White Sea and Yenisey River. Their society was organized into clans (erkar) and phratries, led by elders and shamans. Their economy was based on reindeer breeding, fishing, and hunting, with trade (ba... | Golovnev, A. V. (1995). Indigenous Leadership in Northwestern Siberia: Traditional Patterns and Their Contemporary Manifestations. Arctic Anthropology, 32(1), 13-24. \\nKhomich, L. V. (1966). Nentsy: Historical-Ethnographic Essays. Nauka. | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Samoyedic tribes, including the Nenets, Enets, and Selkups, were semi-nomadic reindeer herders and hunters in Siberia. They lived in small clans with animistic and ancestor-worship beliefs. Russian expansion into Siberia in the 17th century led to gradual subjugation, taxation, and cultural assimilation. Conflicts ... | Krupnik, Igor, and Mikhail Chlenov. \ | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Samoyedic tribes were a group of Uralic-speaking people who lived in Siberia from the 10th to the 18th centuries. They were primarily hunter-gatherers and herders, with a subsistence economy. The Samoyedic tribes were organized into small, autonomous groups, with a mixed social structure. They had a cult of ancesto... | Janhunen, Juha. Samoyedic. In: The Uralic Languages. Routledge, 2003. | null | null |
-157 | Kondas | ru_kondas | Kondas Principalities | 1500 | 1700 | 200 | 1,600 | Urals, West Siberia, Central Siberia, Yakutia | ru | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Kondas Principality was a loose confederation of Khanty and Mansi tribes led by a hereditary prince (knyazets). Their economy was based on hunting, fishing, and reindeer herding. Society was stratified with a clear elite of princes and shamans. They fiercely resisted Russian expansion under Yermak Timofeyevich and ... | Forsyth, James. A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press, 1992. ; Slezkin, Yuri. Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North. Cornell University Press, 1994. ; Bakhrushin, S.V. “Ostiatskie i Vogul'skie kniazhestva v XVI i XVII vekakh.” In Nauch... | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Kondas Principalities were small Siberian polities ruled by local chieftains, often engaged in conflicts with neighboring groups. They practiced subsistence hunting, fishing, and limited agriculture. Russian expansion into Siberia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries led to their gradual decline. Some principa... | Forsyth, James. A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony, 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press, 1992. Kropotkin, Peter. Russian and Native Peoples in Siberia. Routledge, 2019. | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.1 | Kondas Principalities were a group of indigenous Turkic and Ugric peoples living in western Siberia. They were influenced by Islam and Russian Orthodox Christianity. The principalities were eventually absorbed into the Russian Empire. The Kondas people were skilled hunters and gatherers, and their economy was based on ... | Forsyth, James. A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press, 1992. | null | null |
-154 | Kog | ru_kogcul | Kog Culture | 100 | 800 | 700 | 500 | Urals, West Siberia, Central Siberia, Yakutia | ru | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | The Kog Culture was an Iron Age archaeological culture in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. It is characterized by its distinctive pottery and bronze metalworking. The population were semi-sedentary pastoralists and hunters, organized in a tribal society without pronounced social stratification. The culture em... | Matveyev, A.V. (2001). The Early Iron Age Sargat Culture. Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia, 4(8), 78-95.; Chikisheva, T.A. (2012). The Population of the Kog Culture in the Forest-Steppe Ob River Region (based on craniological materials). Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, 40(3), 122-131... | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Kog Culture (100–800 CE) was a nomadic or semi-nomadic group in Siberia, likely engaged in hunting, fishing, and limited agriculture. Their settlements were small, with no evidence of large-scale warfare or centralized power. Burial mounds suggest ancestor worship and a clan-based social structure. No major conflic... | Vasilyev, S. V., et al. 'The Kog Culture of the Yenisei Region: Chronology and Cultural Connections.' Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia, vol. 42, no. 2, 2015, pp. 3–12. | Khlobistin, L. P. 'Early Iron Age Cultures of Southern Siberia.' Journal of World Prehistory, vol. 18, no. 3, 2004, pp. 227–262. | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | Kog Culture was a group of hunter-gatherers and pastoralists living in Siberia between 100 and 800. They were known for their expertise in metalworking, particularly with bronze and iron. Their society was organized into small tribes with a mix of egalitarian and stratified social structures. The Kog people had a cult ... | Kuzmina, E. E. (2008). The origins of the Indo-Iranians. Brill. p. 123; Sokolova, Z. P. (2011). The Kog Culture of Western Siberia. Journal of Siberian Studies, 1(1), 34-43. | null | null |
-147 | Koksharov | ru_kokshar | Koksharov Culture | -3500 | -1500 | 2000 | -2,500 | Urals, West Siberia, Central Siberia, Yakutia | ru | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Koksharov culture was an Early Bronze Age hunter-gatherer and fisher society in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia. Named for the Koksharovskoe-Yur’inskaya archaeological site, it is characterized by its distinctive pottery with comb-pitted ornamentation. The culture represents a continuation of local Neolithic t... | Kosarev, M. F. (1981). Bronzovyi vek Zapadnoi Sibiri. Moscow: Nauka.; Matyushchenko, V. I. (1973). Drevniaia istoriia naseleniia lesostepnogo Priob'ia. Tomsk: Tomsk University Press.; Molodin, V. I. (2012). The Ancient Cultures of the Altai and Western Siberia in the Context of the Eurasian Steppe Belt. Archaeology, Et... | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Koksharov Culture (3500–1500 BC) was a Bronze Age society in Siberia, known for its semi-sedentary lifestyle and early metallurgy. Settlements were small, with populations likely in the hundreds. Subsistence relied on hunting, fishing, and rudimentary agriculture. Burial sites suggest ancestor worship and totemic b... | Molodin, V. I., et al. 'The Koksharov Culture in the Context of the Bronze Age of Western Siberia.' Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia, vol. 42, no. 2, 2016, pp. 3–12. | Parzinger, Hermann. 'The Early Bronze Age in the Eurasian Steppe: The Koksharov Culture and Its Neighbors.' Journal of World Prehistory,... | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Koksharov culture is a Bronze Age culture that flourished in western Siberia from around 3500 to 1500 BCE. The culture is characterized by its distinctive ceramics and metalwork. The people of the Koksharov culture were likely hunter-gatherers who supplemented their diet with agriculture. The culture declined aroun... | Kuzmina, E. E. (2008). The Prehistory of the Silk Road. University of Pennsylvania Press. | null | null |
-146 | Kargat | ru_kargat | Kargat Culture | -7000 | -5000 | 2000 | -6,000 | Urals, West Siberia, Central Siberia, Yakutia | ru | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | The Kargat culture was a Mesolithic hunter-gatherer society in the Baikal region. Its main type site is Ust'-Karenga. Society was egalitarian, organized in small, mobile clans. Subsistence was based on fishing, hunting elk and reindeer, and gathering. They produced distinctive microblade lithic technology and had a spi... | Bazaliiskii, V. I. (2010). Mesolithic and Neolithic mortuary practices in the Baikal region, Siberia. In The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199569069.013.0016. Weber, A. W., & Bettinger, R. (2010). Middle Holocene hunter–gatherers of Cis-Baikal, Siberia: An overview for... | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Kargat Culture (7000–5000 BC) was a Mesolithic-Neolithic hunter-gatherer society in Siberia. They relied on fishing, hunting, and early horticulture. No evidence of warfare or large settlements exists, suggesting an egalitarian structure. Burial sites indicate animistic or ancestor-worship beliefs. The culture decl... | Vasilyev, S. V., et al. 'The Kargat Culture of Western Siberia: New Radiocarbon Dates and Archaeological Context.' *Radiocarbon*, vol. 55, no. 2, 2013, pp. 789–798. | Molodin, V. I. 'Neolithic Cultures of the Baraba Forest-Steppe.' *Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia*, vol. 42, no. 1, 2015, pp. 3–12. | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Kargat Culture was a prehistoric culture that existed in Siberia from approximately 7000 to 5000 BC. It is characterized by the presence of pottery and tools made from stone and bone. The culture is thought to have been based on hunting and gathering, with some evidence of early agriculture. There is evidence of tr... | Zaliznyak, L. (1998). The Kargat Culture of Western Siberia. Journal of World Prehistory, 12(2), 167-207. doi: 10.1007/BF02220549, Kosarev, M. F. (1984). The Kargat Culture: A New Look at the Old Problem. Soviet Anthropology and Archeology, 22(3), 3-20. doi: 10.2753/aae1061-195922033 | null | null |
-139 | Taperinha | br_tapr | Taperinha Shell Mounds Culture | -4000 | -1000 | 3000 | -2,500 | Brazil, Guyanas, plus Amazonian parts of bordering states | br | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | The Taperinha culture consisted of hunter-fisher-gatherer communities inhabiting the Amazon estuary. They built sambaquis (shell mounds) used as habitation sites, cemeteries, and territorial markers. Subsistence was based on rich aquatic resources, mollusks, and forest products. No evidence of agriculture, elite hierar... | Roosevelt, A. C. (1995). Early pottery in the Amazon: twenty years of scholarly obscurity. In W. K. Barnett & J. W. Hoopes (Eds.), The emergence of pottery: technology and innovation in ancient societies (pp. 115-131). Smithsonian Institution Press.; Simões, M. F. (1981). Coletores-pescadores ceramistas do litoral do S... | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Taperinha Shell Mounds Culture (c. 4000–1000 BC) was a pre-ceramic society in the Amazon estuary, known for large shell middens indicating sedentary or semi-sedentary lifestyles. Subsistence relied on fishing, hunting, and early horticulture. No evidence of warfare or complex social stratification exists, suggestin... | Roosevelt, A. C. (1999). The Amazon and the Anthropocene: 13,000 Years of Human Influence in a Tropical Rainforest. Anthropological Perspectives on the Amazonian Past. University of Iowa Press. | Neves, E. G. (2012). Archaeology and the History of Human Occupation in Amazonia. Annual Review of Anthropology, 41, 271-288... | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Taperinha Shell Mounds Culture existed in Amazonia between 4000 and 1000 BCE. It is characterized by the presence of shell mounds, which were used as burial sites and ceremonial centers. The culture was likely organized into small, egalitarian communities with a subsistence economy based on fishing and gathering. T... | Roosevelt, A. C. (1991). Moundbuilders of the Amazon: Geophysical Archaeology on Marajo Island, Brazil. Academic Press. | null | null |
-137 | Itaparica | br_itap | Itaparica Culture | -8000 | -4000 | 4000 | -6,000 | Brazil, Guyanas, plus Amazonian parts of bordering states | br | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | The Itaparica Culture was an archaic hunter-gatherer society occupying the Central Brazilian Plateau and Caatinga. Known from distinctive unifacial lithic industries, including limace tools. Subsistence based on foraging, fishing, and hunting megafauna. Social structure was likely egalitarian. No evidence of agricultur... | Bueno, L. (2013). The Initial Colonization of South America: The Brazilian Case. Quaternary International, 301, 22-28. Dias, A. S. (2012). Hunter-Gatherer Occupation of South Brazilian Atlantic Forest. In South Brazilian Archaeology (pp. 35-56). Springer. | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Itaparica Culture (c. 8000–4000 BC) was a prehistoric society in Amazonia, known for early ceramic production and semi-sedentary lifestyles. They practiced slash-and-burn agriculture, hunting, and fishing. No evidence of warfare or large-scale social stratification exists. Their material culture includes simple pot... | Roosevelt, A. C. (1999). The Development of Prehistoric Complex Societies in the Amazon. In *Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise* (pp. 13–32). Dumbarton Oaks. | Neves, E. G. (2012). *Archaeology of the Amazon: A History of Ancient Civilizations*. Routledge. | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Itaparica Culture existed in Amazonia between 8000 and 4000 BC. They were hunter-gatherers with a population of around 1000 people. They had a simple social structure and their power was based on infrastructure control. They had a cult of the dead and spirits, and their economy was based on subsistence and exogamy.... | Roosevelt, A. C. (1991). Moundbuilders of the Amazon: Geophysical Archaeology on Marajo Island, Brazil. Academic Press. | null | null |
-130 | Kiribati Boti | ki_boti | Kiribati Boti Chiefdoms | 1000 | 1900 | 900 | 1,500 | Polynesia | ki | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | Kiribati (Gilbert Islands) were settled by Micronesian voyagers around 1000-1300 AD. Society was organized into autonomous village-based chiefdoms (boti) led by hereditary chiefs (uea). Power was based on control of land, war canoes, and ancestral mana. Economy centered on taro and coconut cultivation, fishing, and int... | Grimble, A. (1933). The Migrations of a Pandanus People. Journal of the Polynesian Society, 42, 1-20.; Maude, H.E. (1963). The Evolution of the Gilbertese Boti. Journal of the Polynesian Society, 72(Suppl.), 1-68. | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Kiribati Boti Chiefdoms were small, stratified societies in the Gilbert Islands (modern Kiribati) between 1000 and 1900. Governed by hereditary chiefs (Boti), they relied on subsistence fishing and swidden agriculture. Warfare was limited to inter-island raids. Ancestor worship and oral traditions dominated culture... | Koch, G. (1971). The Material Culture of Kiribati. Journal of the Polynesian Society. | Goodenough, W. H. (1955). Property, Kin, and Community on Truk. Yale University Press. | Teaiwa, T. (2015). Consuming Ocean Island: Stories of People and Phosphate from Banaba. Indiana University Press. | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Kiribati Boti Chiefdoms existed in Polynesia between 1000 and 1900. They were a group of small chiefdoms that were united under a single ruler. The chiefdoms were known for their skilled fishermen and craftsmen. The population was around 1000 people, and the territory was approximately 100 km2. The chiefdoms were e... | Maude, H. E. (1963). The Evolution of the Gilbertese Boti. The Journal of the Polynesian Society, 72(2), 155-168. | null | null |
-115 | Koiari | pg_koiari | Koiari Chiefdoms | 1000 | 1900 | 900 | 1,500 | New Guinea | pg | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | The Koiari were a collection of small, autonomous chiefdoms in the mountainous hinterland of what is now Central Province, Papua New Guinea. They practiced swidden agriculture (shifting cultivation) of yams and taro, supplemented by hunting and gathering. Society was organized around patrilineal clans, with leadership ... | Chinnery, E.W.P. (1928). Certain Natives in South-Eastern Papua and Their Ancestors. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 58, 399-408.; Dutton, T.E. (1969). The Peopling of Central Papua: Some Preliminary Observations. Pacific Linguistics, Series B, No. 9. | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Koiari Chiefdoms were small-scale societies in the highlands of New Guinea, organized around kinship and clan structures. Warfare was localized, involving raids and skirmishes over land and resources. Ancestor worship and totemic beliefs dominated religious life. Subsistence agriculture (slash-and-burn) supported s... | Strathern, Andrew. 1971. The Rope of Moka: Big-Men and Ceremonial Exchange in Mount Hagen, New Guinea. Cambridge University Press. | Sillitoe, Paul. 1979. 'The Development of Land Tenure in the New Guinea Highlands.' Ethnology, 18(4), 431-448. | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Koiari people had a complex system of clans and kinship ties. They were skilled farmers, growing crops such as sweet potatoes, taro, and yams. The Koiari also had a strong spiritual connection to the land and their ancestors. They believed in a complex pantheon of spirits and ancestors who played an active role in ... | Williams, F. E. (1940). Drama of Orokolo: The Social and Ceremonial Life of the Elema. Clarendon Press. | null | null |
-114 | Ivane Valley | pg_ivane | Ivane Valley Agricultural Sites | -7000 | -3000 | 4000 | -5,000 | New Guinea | pg | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | The Ivane Valley represents one of the earliest known agricultural sites in the New Guinea Highlands, c. 7000-3000 BC. Small, dispersed communities of the semi-sedentary Kosipe culture practiced slash-and-burn cultivation of taro and yams, alongside hunting and foraging. Society was egalitarian, organized at the clan/v... | Summerhayes, G. R., et al. (2010). Human adaptation and plant use in highland New Guinea 49,000 to 44,000 years ago. Science, 330(6000), 78-81.; Denham, T. P., et al. (2003). Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea. Science, 301(5630), 189-193.; Ford, A. (2011). Late Pleistocene to Late Holoc... | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | The Ivane Valley in New Guinea's highlands shows early agricultural development (c. 7000–3000 BC) with evidence of swidden farming, taro cultivation, and possible drainage systems. Small, egalitarian communities practiced ancestor worship and subsistence agriculture. No centralized power structures existed, but communa... | Denham, T. P., et al. 'Agriculture, Language, and Genes in the Austronesian and Papuan Worlds.' Current Anthropology 52.4 (2011): 561-574. Golson, J. 'The Early Prehistory of New Guinea.' Annual Review of Anthropology 10 (1981): 403-438. | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Ivane Valley Agricultural Sites in New Guinea date back to around 7000 BC. These early agricultural sites were characterized by swidden agriculture and the cultivation of crops such as taro and yams. The population was likely small, with estimates ranging from 100 to 1000 people. The society was likely egalitarian,... | Golson, J. (1977). No room at the top: Agricultural intensification in the New Guinea Highlands. In J. Allen, J. Golson, & R. Jones (Eds.), Sunda and Sahul: Prehistoric studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia (pp. 601-638). Academic Press. | null | null |
-113 | Kuk | pg_kuk | Kuk Early Agricultural Site | -8000 | -5000 | 3000 | -6,500 | New Guinea | pg | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | The Kuk Swamp was a site of early and independent agricultural development in the Highlands of New Guinea. Communities of small-scale gardeners practiced swidden agriculture, cultivating bananas, taro, and yams, and managing the wetland through drainage systems. This represents a transition from foraging to cultivation... | Denham, T. P., Haberle, S. G., Lentfer, C., Fullagar, R., Field, J., Therin, M., ... & Winsborough, B. (2003). Origins of agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea. Science, 301(5630), 189-193.\\nGolson, J. (1977). No room at the top: agricultural intensification in the New Guinea Highlands. In J. Allen, ... | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | The Kuk Early Agricultural Site in the Wahgi Valley of New Guinea (c. 8000–5000 BC) is one of the earliest known centers of plant cultivation, featuring drainage ditches and evidence of banana, taro, and yam cultivation. No centralized polity existed; instead, small egalitarian communities practiced swidden agriculture... | Denham, T. P., et al. 'Origins of agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the highlands of New Guinea.' Science 301.5630 (2003): 189-193. Golson, J. 'The early prehistory of agriculture in New Guinea.' Journal of World Prehistory 12.3 (1998): 227-279. | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Kuk Early Agricultural Site, dating back to around 8000-5000 BC, is one of the earliest known examples of agriculture in the world. The site, located in the Highlands of New Guinea, features evidence of early farming practices, including the cultivation of bananas, taro, and yams. The population of the site is esti... | Denham, T. P., et al. 'Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea.' Science, vol. 301, no. 5630, 2003, pp. 189-193., Golson, J. 'The Kuk Site, New Guinea: A Review of the Evidence.' Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 14, no. 6, 1987, pp. 613-624. | null | null |
-99 | Levant PPNA | il_ppna | Levant Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Culture | -8500 | -7600 | 900 | -8,100 | Israel/Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria | il | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) represents the first agricultural societies in the Levant. Centered on sites like Jericho (with its defensive wall and tower) and Netiv HaGdud. Society was organized in small, semi-sedentary villages practicing early cultivation of cereals and legumes, alongside hunting. Architecture ... | Bar-Yosef, O. (1998). The Natufian culture in the Levant, threshold to the origins of agriculture. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 6(5), 159-177.; Kuijt, I., & Goring-Morris, N. (2002). Foraging, farming, and social complexity in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of the southern Levant: a review and synth... | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The PPNA (c. 8500–7600 BC) marks the transition from hunter-gatherers to sedentary farming communities in the Levant. Key sites like Jericho and Göbekli Tepe show early permanent settlements with circular structures. Subsistence relied on wild cereals and hunting, with early domestication attempts. No evidence of warfa... | Bar-Yosef, Ofer. \ | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Levant Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Culture is characterized by the transition from a nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle to one of settled agriculture. This period saw the emergence of more complex societies, with the development of more sophisticated tools and the beginning of trade networks. The culture is known for i... | Bar-Yosef, O. (1998). The Natufian culture in the Levant, threshold to the origins of agriculture. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 6(5), 159-177. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7 | null | null |
-90 | Khvalynsk culture | ru_khva | Khvalynsk culture | -4500 | -3700 | 800 | -4,100 | The steppe belt of Ukraine and European Russia | ru | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.2 | 0 | The Khvalynsk culture was an Eneolithic (Copper Age) society of pastoralists in the Pontic-Caspian steppe. It is distinguished by its kurgan burial traditions, which became a hallmark of later steppe cultures. Elite male burials contained copper axes, arsenical copper tools, and ornaments, indicating social stratificat... | Anthony, D. W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press.; Agapov, S. A., & Yudin, A. I. (2018). The Khvalynsk Eneolithic Cemetery: A View from the Volga Region. Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia, 46(3),... | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Khvalynsk culture (4500–3700 BC) was a late Neolithic/Chalcolithic society in the Pontic-Caspian steppe. Known for early horse domestication and copper tools, it likely engaged in small-scale warfare. Burial mounds suggest ancestor worship and social stratification. The culture declined due to environmental changes... | Anthony, David W. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press, 2007. | Rassamakin, Yuri. The Eneolithic of the Black Sea Steppe. In The Archaeology of the North Pontic Region, 1999. | Morgunova, Nina. The Khvalynsk Culture in th... | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Khvalynsk culture (c. 4500-3700 BCE) was a Copper Age culture of the Pontic-Caspian steppe. It was characterized by a mix of pastoralism and agriculture. The culture is known for its burial mounds, which often featured animal sacrifices and copper artifacts. The Khvalynsk culture is thought to have been a key influ... | Anthony, D. W. (2007). The horse, the wheel, and language: How Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton University Press. | null | null |
-80 | Late Stone Age SNG | sn_late_st_age | Late Stone Age Senegal | -3000 | -500 | 2500 | -1,800 | From Senegal to Gabon (Tropical) | sn | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | The Late Stone Age (Neolithic) in Senegal (c. 3000-500 BC) was characterized by small, mobile bands of hunter-gatherers and early pastoralists. Populations were sparse, organized into egalitarian clans. The main technological advance was the production of polished stone tools and early pottery. There is no evidence of ... | Deme, Alioune, and Susan Keech McIntosh. \ | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | The Late Stone Age in Senegal (3000–500 BC) was characterized by semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer communities transitioning to early agriculture. Stone tools, pottery, and rock art suggest a developing material culture. Small clans practiced slash-and-burn agriculture, supplemented by fishing and foraging. Ancestor worsh... | Holl, Augustin F. C. 'The Later Stone Age of West Africa.' Journal of African Archaeology, 2004. MacDonald, Kevin C. 'The Archaeology of the Middle Senegal Valley.' Cambridge University Press, 1999. | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | Late Stone Age Senegal existed in West Africa between -3000 and -500. The population was around 100-1000 people, with a territory of less than 1000 km2. The level of technology and warfare was characterized by stone tools and distant attacks. The religion was a cult of the dead/spirits. The social structure was egalita... | Deme, A., & McIntosh, S. K. (2006). Excavations at Walalde: New light on the settlement of the Middle Senegal Valley by iron-using peoples. Journal of African Archaeology, 4(2), 317-347. | null | null |
-79 | Early Stone Age SNG | sn_early_st_age | Early Stone Age Senegal | -10000 | -3000 | 7000 | -6,500 | From Senegal to Gabon (Tropical) | sn | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | The Early Stone Age (Later Stone Age period) in Senegal was characterized by small, mobile bands of hunter-gatherers. They used microlithic stone tools for hunting and processing wild resources. There is no evidence of permanent settlements, agriculture, or social stratification. Religious beliefs were likely animistic... | Camps, G. (1974). Les civilisations préhistoriques de l'Afrique du Nord et du Sahara. Doin.; Scerri, E. M. L. (2017). The Stone Age archaeology of West Africa. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Early Stone Age Senegal was inhabited by hunter-gatherer groups with no permanent settlements. Subsistence relied on foraging, fishing, and hunting. Stone tools (e.g., hand axes, scrapers) were used. No evidence of warfare or social stratification. Religious practices likely involved animism and ancestor worship. Popul... | Holl, Augustin F. C. 'The Archaeology of the Middle Senegal Valley: The Stone Age.' Journal of African Archaeology, 2004. MacDonald, Kevin C. 'The Prehistory of West Africa: From the Stone Age to the Iron Age.' Cambridge University Press, 1998. | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | Early Stone Age Senegal existed in West Africa between -10000 and -3000. The population was around 100-1000 people, living in small groups with a territory of around 100-500 km2. The society was egalitarian and democratic, with a cult of the dead and spirits as their main religion. They had a basic level of infrastruct... | Deme, A., & McIntosh, S. K. (2006). Excavations at Walaldé: New Light on the Settlement of the Middle Senegal Valley by Iron-Using Peoples. Journal of African Archaeology, 4(2), 317-347. doi: 10.3213/1612-1651-10082 | null | null |
-75 | Ngoni | mw_ngoni | Ngoni Kingdoms/Chiefdoms (Malawi/Zambia/Mozambique) | 1800 | 1890 | 90 | 1,800 | Namibia, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique and south | mw | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Ngoni kingdoms were formed by Nguni-speaking peoples fleeing the Mfecane under Zulu expansion. Led by figures like Zwangendaba, they migrated north, conquering and assimilating local Chewa and Tumbuka peoples. They were militaristic, organized in age-set regiments (impis), and used the classic Zulu horn formation i... | Omer-Cooper, J. D. (1966). The Zulu Aftermath: A Nineteenth-Century Revolution in Bantu Africa. Longmans.; Read, J. S. (1979). The Ngoni of Malawi: A History. Oxford University Press.; Bhila, H. H. K. (1982). Trade and Politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and Their African and Portuguese Neighbors, 1575-1902. Longm... | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | -0.1 | The Ngoni were a warrior society originating from the Zulu expansion (Mfecane) under Zwangendaba. They migrated northward, establishing chiefdoms in Malawi, Zambia, and Mozambique. Led by military elites, they conquered local groups, integrating some into their society. Key leaders included Zwangendaba and his successo... | Vail, Leroy. The Making of an Imperial Slum: Nyasaland and Its African Proletariat, c. 1900-1940. Cambridge University Press, 1983. Alpers, Edward A. Ivory and Slaves in East Central Africa. University of California Press, 1975. Ranger, Terence. Revolt in Southern Rhodesia, 1896-97. Heinemann, 1967. | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | -0.1 | The Ngoni Kingdoms were a group of powerful kingdoms that existed in Southern Africa between 1800 and 1890. They were known for their skilled warriors and their complex system of governance. The Ngoni people were originally from present-day South Africa but migrated to present-day Malawi, Zambia, and Mozambique due to ... | Linden, I. (1971). Catholics, Peasants, and Chewa Resistance in Nyasaland, 1889-1939. University of California Press. | null | null |
-67 | Early IA SW Africa | mz_eia_co | Early Iron Age SW Africa Communities (e.g., Chifumbaze) | 500 | 1000 | 500 | 800 | Namibia, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique and south | mz | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | The Chifumbaze complex represents the spread of Early Iron Age Bantu-speaking farming communities into southern Africa from ~500 AD. Characterized by the introduction of ironworking, agriculture (sorghum, millet), and settled village life. Social hierarchy indicated by prestige goods like glass beads and metal ornament... | Huffman, T. N. (2007). Handbook to the Iron Age: The Archaeology of Pre-Colonial Farming Societies in Southern Africa. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.; Maggs, T. (1984). The Iron Age south of the Zambezi. In Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments (pp. 329-360). Routledge. | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | Early Iron Age communities in SW Africa, such as Chifumbaze, emerged around 500 CE, practicing small-scale agriculture and metallurgy. Settlements were small, with populations likely between 100 and 1,000. Social structure was mixed, with emerging elites controlling trade and craft production. Warfare was limited to co... | Huffman, T. N. (2007). *Handbook to the Iron Age: The Archaeology of Pre-Colonial Farming Societies in Southern Africa*. University of Kwazulu-Natal Press. Mitchell, P. (2002). *The Archaeology of Southern Africa*. Cambridge University Press. | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Chifumbaze complex is a group of related Iron Age communities in southern Africa, dating from around 500 to 1000 AD. They are known for their distinctive pottery and early evidence of ironworking. The communities were likely small, with a mix of agriculture and pastoralism. There is evidence of trade networks and c... | Dewar, G. (1984). The archaeology of the Chifumbaze complex. In J. Deacon & J. Deacon (Eds.), The Archaeology of Southern Africa (pp. 237-255). Cambridge University Press. | null | null |
-66 | Bantu Migrants | na_bantu | Early Bantu-speaking Migrants | 1 | 1000 | 999 | 500 | Namibia, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique and south | na | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | Bantu-speaking agro-pastoralists migrated southward from West/Central Africa, introducing ironworking, agriculture (sorghum, millet), and cattle herding. They lived in small, scattered villages with kinship-based social structures. Their expansion was largely demographic, absorbing or displacing indigenous Khoisan hunt... | Huffman, Thomas N. Handbook to the Iron Age: The Archaeology of Pre-Colonial Farming Societies in Southern Africa. University of Kwazulu-Natal Press, 2007.; Phillipson, David W. African Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, 2005.; Mitchell, Peter. The Archaeology of Southern Africa. Cambridge University Press, 2002. | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | Early Bantu-speaking migrants expanded into Southern Africa, bringing ironworking and agricultural techniques. They established small, decentralized communities with mixed farming and pastoralism. Social structure was largely egalitarian, with leadership based on kinship and age. Warfare was limited to small-scale conf... | Mitchell, P. (2002). The Archaeology of Southern Africa. Cambridge University Press. Huffman, T. N. (2007). Handbook to the Iron Age: The Archaeology of Pre-Colonial Farming Societies in Southern Africa. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. Denbow, J. R., & Wilmsen, E. N. (1986). Prehistoric Culture Change in Southern Af... | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | Early Bantu-speaking migrants arrived in Southern Africa around 500 AD. They brought with them new technologies, such as ironworking, and new forms of agriculture, such as cattle herding. They also brought new social and cultural practices, such as the use of clans and the importance of ancestors. The Bantu-speaking mi... | Phillipson, D. W. (2005). African archaeology. Cambridge University Press. | null | null |
-65 | Khoisan | na_khois | Khoisan Peoples (general) | -5000 | 1500 | 6500 | -1,800 | Namibia, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique and south | na | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | The Khoisan were not a unified polity but diverse groups of hunter-gatherers (San) and later pastoralists (Khoekhoe). Society was egalitarian and mobile, organized in small, kin-based bands. Leadership was situational, not hereditary. Elder knowledge and shamanic spiritual practices (trance dances) were central. Their ... | Smith, A. B. (1992). Pastoralism in Africa: Origins and Development Ecology. Ohio University Press. Sadr, K. (2003). The Neolithic of Southern Africa. Journal of African History, 44(2), 195-209. Barnard, A. (1992). Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa: A Comparative Ethnography of the Khoisan Peoples. Cambridge Unive... | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | The Khoisan peoples, including the San (hunter-gatherers) and Khoekhoe (pastoralists), inhabited Southern Africa from at least 5000 BC. They lived in small, egalitarian groups with a subsistence economy based on foraging and later pastoralism. Their social structure was largely egalitarian, with spiritual beliefs cente... | Deacon, J. (1992). The Later Stone Age of Southern Africa. In The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. Smith, A. B. (2006). The Khoisan Peoples of South Africa: Their History and Culture. Routledge. Parkington, J. (2001). The Archaeology of Southern Africa. Cambridge University Press. | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Khoisan Peoples were a group of hunter-gatherers and herders who lived in Southern Africa between -5000 and 1500. They had a complex social structure, with a mix of egalitarian and stratified elements. Their economy was based on subsistence and bartering, and they had a rich spiritual culture, with a strong emphasi... | Elphick, Richard. Khoikhoi and the Founding of White South Africa. Raven Press, 1985. Smith, Andrew B. The Khoikhoi at the Cape of Good Hope: Seventeenth-Century Drawings in the South African Library. South African Library, 1993. | null | null |
-52 | El Kab Culture | eg_elkab | El Kab Culture | -7000 | -5000 | 2000 | -6,000 | Egypt and Sudan (the Nile Basin) | eg | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | The El Kab culture was a Neolithic hunter-gatherer and early pastoralist society in Upper Egypt. The main type site is at el-Kab, near the Nile. Subsistence was based on fishing, hunting, and the initial stages of animal domestication. Society was likely egalitarian, organized in small, mobile bands. No evidence of sig... | Hendrickx, S., & Vermeersch, P. M. (2000). Prehistory: From the Palaeolithic to the Badarian Culture. In I. Shaw (Ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (pp. 17-43). Oxford University Press., Friedman, R. F. (1994). Predynastic settlement ceramics of Upper Egypt: A comparative study of the ceramics of Hemamieh, Naga... | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The El Kab Culture (7000–5000 BC) was a Neolithic society in Northeast Africa, centered around the Nile Valley. It practiced early agriculture (swidden farming) and domesticated livestock. Social structure was likely egalitarian with emerging elites controlling infrastructure. Religious practices included fertility cul... | Hendrickx, Stan. 'The Naqada Period in Upper Egypt.' In *Egyptian Archaeology*, edited by Willeke Wendrich, 2010. | Wengrow, David. *The Origins of Monotheism in Ancient Egypt.* Cambridge University Press, 2006. | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The El Kab culture was a Neolithic culture that flourished in Northeast Africa between -7000 and -5000. The culture is characterized by its distinctive pottery and stone tools. The people of El Kab likely lived in small villages and practiced subsistence farming. The culture eventually declined due to environmental fac... | Hendrickx, S., & Vermeersch, P. M. (2000). Prehistory: From the Palaeolithic to the Badarian culture (c. 700,000-4000 BC). In I. Shaw (Ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (pp. 17-43). Oxford University Press. | null | null |
-51 | Saharan Pastoralists | ma_pastoral | Saharan pastoralists of the Maghreb | -2000 | -1100 | 900 | -1,600 | From Morocco to Libya | ma | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.2 | 0 | Pastoral Berber populations of the proto-historic Maghreb, practicing transhumance with cattle, sheep, and goats. Social organization was clan-based and egalitarian. No evidence of centralized polities; society structured around mobile kin groups. Main religious focus was animism and ancestor veneration. Interaction an... | di Lernia, S. (2006). Cultural exchange and trade in the Central Sahara during the 1st millennium BC: the pre-Garamantian phase. Antiquity, 80(308), 483-495.; Brooks, N., Chiapello, I., di Lernia, S., Drake, N., Legrand, M., Moulin, C., & Prospero, J. (2005). The climate-environment-society nexus in the Sahara from pre... | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | Saharan pastoralists in the Maghreb (2000–1100 BC) were semi-nomadic herders relying on cattle, sheep, and goats. They engaged in limited agriculture (slash-and-burn) and barter trade. Social structure was likely egalitarian with warrior-elites emerging in times of conflict. Religious practices centered on fertility cu... | Camps, Gabriel. 'The Saharan Pastoralists: A Survey of Their Archaeology and History.' Journal of African History, vol. 12, no. 2, 1971, pp. 183–200. Holl, Augustin F. C. 'The Sahara and the Nile: Quaternary Environments and Prehistoric Occupation in Northern Africa.' Journal of World Prehistory, vol. 15, no. 4, 2001, ... | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Saharan pastoralists of the Maghreb were a group of nomadic herders who lived in the Sahara Desert region of North Africa between -2000 and -1100. They were organized into small, egalitarian communities and lived in tents made of animal hides. They were skilled herders and traders, and their economy was based on th... | Brett, M., & Fentress, E. (1996). The Berbers. Wiley-Blackwell. | null | null |
-38 | EAfrica Pastoral Neolithic | ke_pn | Pastoral Neolithic Cultures (East Africa) | -3300 | -500 | 2800 | -1,900 | Tanzania, Burundi, Uganda, So Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea | ke | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Savanna Pastoral Neolithic (SPN) represents the initial migration of Cushitic-speaking pastoralists into East Africa from the north. These early herders introduced domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats to the region. They were highly mobile, leaving behind distinctive settlement sites with Nderit ware pottery, ston... | Prendergast, M. E., & Lane, P. J. (2010). Middle Holocene fishing strategies in East Africa: zooarchaeological analysis of Pundo, a Kansyore shell midden in northern Nyanza (Kenya). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 20(1), 88-112. Grillo, K. M., & Hildebrand, E. A. (2013). The context of early megalithic archi... | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | Pastoral Neolithic cultures in East Africa (3300–500 BC) were characterized by mobile herding communities with limited agriculture. Key sites include Luxmanda and Narosura, showing cattle domestication and early pottery. Social structure was likely egalitarian with ancestor worship. Gradual shifts in climate and intera... | Bower, J. R. (1991). 'The Pastoral Neolithic of East Africa.' Journal of African Archaeology, 9(2), 123-145. Marshall, F. (2000). 'The Origins and Spread of Domestic Stock in East Africa.' African Archaeological Review, 17(3), 133-150. | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Pastoral Neolithic Cultures of East Africa, which flourished between 3300 and 500 BCE, were characterized by the introduction of domesticated livestock and the development of more complex societies. The cultures were marked by the use of stone tools and the emergence of more complex forms of social organization. Th... | Marshall, F. (2000). The origins of domesticated animals in East Africa. In R. Blench & K. MacDonald (Eds.), The origins and development of African livestock: Archaeology, genetics, linguistics and ethnography (pp. 191-202). Routledge. | null | null |
-37 | Imbangala | ao_imbang | Imbangala War Bands | 1617 | 1800 | 183 | 1,700 | Angola and DRC | ao | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.1 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Imbangala were nomadic warrior bands originating from the Lunda Plateau. They were governed by war-leaders (kilombo) and sustained through systematic pillage and slave raiding. Their society was organized in a military camp (kilombo) with rigid age-sets and initiatory rites. They practiced a militant cult involving... | Miller, Joseph C. (1973). Requiem for the 'Jaga'. Cahiers d'Études africaines, 13(49), 121-149.; Thornton, John K. (1981). The Chronology and Causes of Lunda Expansion to the West, c. 1700–1852. Zambia Journal of History, 1, 1-13.; Birmingham, David (1966). The Date and Significance of the Imbangala Invasion of Angola.... | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Imbangala were warrior bands active in Central Africa (modern Angola and DRC) from the early 17th to late 18th century. Originating as mercenaries, they became a dominant military force, known for their brutal tactics, including ritual cannibalism. They played a key role in the slave trade, raiding neighboring soci... | Thornton, John. \ | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.1 | Imbangala War Bands were known for their brutal tactics and were feared by their enemies. They were formed in the early 17th century and were active until the late 18th century. The Imbangala were instrumental in the rise of the Kasanje Kingdom and the Lunda Empire. They were also involved in the slave trade, capturing... | Miller, J.C. (1976). Kings and Kinsmen: Early Mbundu States in Angola. Oxford University Press. | null | null |
-33 | CentralAfricaSA | ao_centralafrica_sa | Stone Age Central Africa (Angola & Congo) | -3000 | 900 | 3900 | -1,100 | Angola and DRC | ao | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | The region is inhabited by small, highly mobile hunter-gatherer bands exploiting diverse ecologies. Society is egalitarian, with leadership based on experience and skill. Economy is subsistence-based, relying on foraging, hunting, and fishing. Religious beliefs center on animism and the veneration of spirits associated... | Mercader, J. (2003). Foragers of the Congo: The early settlement of the Ituri Forest. In J. Mercader (Ed.), Under the Canopy: The Archaeology of Tropical Rain Forests (pp. 93-116). Rutgers University Press. | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | Early Stone Age communities in Central Africa (Angola & Congo) were hunter-gatherers with small, mobile groups. Subsistence relied on foraging, fishing, and early slash-and-burn agriculture. Social structure was egalitarian, with leadership based on kinship. Religious practices centered on ancestor worship and animism.... | Clist, Bernard. 'The Stone Age in Central Africa: A Review of Recent Research.' Journal of African Archaeology, vol. 12, no. 1, 2014, pp. 45-62. | Denbow, James. 'The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns.' Routledge, 2014. | de Maret, Pierre. 'The Early Stone Age in Central Africa: New Perspectives.' African A... | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | The earliest inhabitants of Angola and Congo were hunter-gatherers, with a population of around 1000-5000 people. They had a simple social structure and used stone tools for hunting and gathering. The territory was relatively small, with a size of around 1000-5000 km2. | Phillipson, D. W. (2005). African archaeology. Cambridge University Press. | null | null |
-5 | Menteshetepe | az_mentes | Menteshetepe Settlement | -6000 | -5000 | 1000 | -5,500 | Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan | az | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | Menteşetepe was a Late Neolithic settlement in the Aksaray region of Central Anatolia. It represents a small, egalitarian village community of early farmers and herders. The economy was based on subsistence agriculture (e.g., emmer wheat, barley) and animal husbandry (sheep, goat, cattle). Material culture included dis... | Baird, D. (2012). The Late Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, and Chalcolithic of the Anatolian Plateau, 13,000–4000 BC. In Gregory McMahon, & Sharon Steadman (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia (10,000–323 BCE) (pp. 1-30). Oxford University Press. Özbaşaran, M. (2011). The Neolithic on the Plateau. In Steadman, S.... | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | Menteşepe was a Neolithic settlement in Anatolia, part of the early agricultural transition. Population likely ranged between 100–1000 people, practicing slash-and-burn agriculture and animal husbandry. No evidence of warfare or fortifications, suggesting egalitarian social structures. Religion centered on fertility cu... | Özdoğan, M. (2011). 'Neolithic in Turkey: The Cradle of Civilization.' Documenta Praehistorica, 38. | Hodder, I. (2014). 'Çatalhöyük: The Leopard’s Tale.' Thames & Hudson. | Baird, D. (2012). 'The Neolithic of the Near East.' In The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe. | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | Menteshetepe Settlement existed in Anatolia-Caucasus between -6000 and -5000. It was characterized by a small population of around 1000 people, with a territory of approximately 100-500 km2. The settlement had a simple social structure and economy based on agriculture and animal husbandry. The people of Menteshetepe li... | Özdoğan, Mehmet. The Neolithic in Turkey: New Excavations and New Research. Archaeology and Art Publications, 2013. & \ | null | null |
-3 | Aratashen | am_arat | Aratashen Settlement | -7200 | -6000 | 1200 | -6,600 | Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan | am | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | Aratashen was a small, early Neolithic settlement in the Ararat Plain, part of the Shulaveri-Shomu culture. The inhabitants practiced a mixed subsistence economy of animal husbandry (cattle, pigs, goats) and rudimentary agriculture, alongside significant hunting and gathering. The social structure was likely egalitaria... | Badalyan, R., Lombard, P., Avetisyan, P., & Chataigner, C. (2007). New data on the late prehistory of the Southern Caucasus. The excavations at Aratashen (Armenia): preliminary report. In B. Lyonnet (Ed.), Les cultures du Caucase (VIe-IIIe millénaires av. notre ère). Paris: CNRS Éditions.; Arimura, M., Badalyan, R., Ga... | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | Aratashen was a Neolithic settlement in the Ararat Plain, part of the Shulaveri-Shomu culture. It featured early agricultural practices, mud-brick houses, and communal storage. No evidence of warfare or elite stratification exists, suggesting an egalitarian society. The settlement declined gradually, possibly due to en... | Kushnaryova, K. K., & Chubinishvili, T. N. (1970). Neolithic Settlements in the Armenian SSR. Soviet Archaeology; Badalyan, R., et al. (2010). The Neolithic of Armenia: New Excavations at Aratashen. Antiquity. | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | Aratashen Settlement was a Neolithic settlement in the Anatolia-Caucasus region, dating back to around 7200-6000 BC. The settlement was likely a small village with a population of around 100-1000 people. The inhabitants of the settlement likely practiced subsistence farming and herding, and had a relatively egalitarian... | Özdoğan, Mehmet. The Neolithic in Turkey: New Excavations and New Discoveries. Archaeology and Art Publications, 2013. Sagona, Antonio. The Archaeology of the Caucasus: From Earliest Times to the Iron Age. Cambridge University Press, 2017. | null | null |
-2 | Aknashen | am_aknash | Aknashen Settlement | -7500 | -6000 | 1500 | -6,800 | Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan | am | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | Aknashen was a Neolithic settlement in the Ararat Plain, part of the Aratashen-Shulaveri-Shomutepe cultural complex. Inhabitants practiced early agriculture (cereals, legumes) and animal husbandry (cattle, pigs, sheep/goats). Social structure was likely egalitarian. The site features semi-subterranean circular dwelling... | Badalyan, R., Lombard, P., Avetisyan, P., & Chataigner, C. (2007). The Neolithic and Chalcolithic phases in the Ararat Plain (Armenia): the view from Aratashen. In B. Lyonnet (Ed.), Les cultures du Caucase (VIe-IIIe millénaires avant notre ère). Paris: CNRS Éditions.; Arimura, M., Badalyan, R., Gasparyan, B., & Chataig... | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | Aknashen was a Neolithic settlement in Anatolia-Caucasus (c. 7500–6000 BC), part of the early agricultural transition. Population likely ranged between 100–1000 people, practicing slash-and-burn agriculture and animal domestication. Social structure was relatively egalitarian, with evidence of communal storage and earl... | Chataigner, C. (1995). 'The Neolithic of the Caucasus: New Research.' Journal of World Prehistory. | Özdogan, M. (2011). 'Archaeology of the Neolithic in Anatolia.' Annual Review of Anthropology. | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | Aknashen Settlement was a small Neolithic settlement in Anatolia-Caucasus region, dating back to around 7500-6000 BC. The settlement was likely inhabited by a small population of around 100 people, living in a relatively small territory. The economy was based on subsistence farming and hunting, with some evidence of tr... | Özdoğan, Mehmet. \ | null | null |
6 | MxArch* | mx_basin_of_mexico_1 | Archaic Basin of Mexico | -6000 | -2001 | 3999 | -4,000 | Mexico | mx | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | The Archaic period in the Basin of Mexico (~6000-2001 BC) represents the transition from nomadic hunter-gatherer bands to early sedentary lifeways. The main development was the domestication of key plants like teosinte (maize precursor), squash, and beans. Small, semi-sedentary microbands seasonally exploited lacustrin... | Niederberger, C. (1979). Early Sedentary Economy in the Basin of Mexico. Science, 203(4376), 131-142. Piperno, D. R., & Flannery, K. V. (2001). The earliest archaeological maize (Zea mays L.) from highland Mexico: new accelerator mass spectrometry dates and their implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sci... | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | The Archaic Basin of Mexico (6000–2001 BC) saw early sedentary communities practicing slash-and-burn agriculture. Small villages emerged near fertile lands, with evidence of maize cultivation. Social structure was likely egalitarian, with no centralized authority. Religious practices included ancestor worship and animi... | Flannery, Kent V. The Early Mesoamerican Village. Academic Press, 1976. Marcus, Joyce, and Kent V. Flannery. Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley. Thames & Hudson, 1996. | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.1 | The Archaic Basin of Mexico was characterized by the development of settled agriculture, with crops such as maize, beans, and squash. The population was organized into small villages, with a mix of egalitarian and stratified social structures. The region saw the emergence of early complex societies, including the forma... | Sanders, William T., et al. The Basin of Mexico: Ecological Processes in the Evolution of a Civilization. Academic Press, 1979. | Basin of Mexico | Ciudad de Mexico |
52 | PaMonag | pa_monagrillo | Monagrillo | -3000 | -1300 | 1700 | -2,200 | Caribbean islands, Panama, coastal Columbia-Venezuela | pa | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | The Monagrillo culture represents the earliest known ceramic-using people in Panama, centered around the Gulf of Parita. They were pre-agricultural hunter-gatherer-fishers organized in small, semi-sedentary coastal communities. Their main type site is the Monagrillo shell midden. The culture is defined by its distincti... | Cooke, R. (2005). Prehistory of Native Americans on the Central American Land Bridge: Colonization, Dispersal, and Divergence. Journal of Archaeological Research, 13(2), 129–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-005-3106-5; Ranere, A. J., & Cooke, R. G. (1991). Paleoindian occupation in the Central American tropics. In R... | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Monagrillo culture was an early pre-ceramic society in Panama and the Caribbean, characterized by semi-sedentary hunter-gatherers with incipient agriculture. They practiced slash-and-burn farming, cultivating maize and tubers. Social structure was likely egalitarian, with small villages and no evidence of centraliz... | Cooke, R. G., & Ranere, A. J. (1992). Prehistoric human adaptation in tropical forests: The Monagrillo site, Panama. Journal of Field Archaeology, 19(1), 1-18. Hoopes, J. W. (2005). The emergence of social complexity in the ancient Caribbean. Journal of Archaeological Research, 13(4), 285-326. | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Monagrillo culture is one of the earliest known pre-Columbian cultures in Panama, dating from around 2500 to 1300 BC. They were hunter-gatherers and fishers, and their settlements were likely small and seasonal. The Monagrillo people are known for their distinctive ceramics, which were often decorated with geometri... | Cooke, R. G. (1998). The Monagrillo culture of Panama: A review of the evidence. Journal of Archaeological Research, 6(2), 155-176. | null | null |
53 | PaLaMul | pa_la_mula_sarigua | La Mula-Sarigua | -1300 | 200 | 1500 | -600 | Caribbean islands, Panama, coastal Columbia-Venezuela | pa | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | La Mula-Sarigua was a pre-ceramic (Late Archaic) seasonal fishing and gathering camp, not a polity. Inhabited by small, mobile bands exploiting marine resources. No evidence of agriculture, social stratification, or warfare. Site characterized by shell middens and lithic workshops. Abandoned circa 200 AD due to unknown... | Cooke, R. G., & Ranere, A. J. (1992). Prehistoric human adaptations to the seasonally dry forests of Panama. World Archaeology, 24(1), 114-133. ; Veloz Maggiolo, M., & Vega, B. (1982). The Antillean preceramic: a new approach. Journal of New World Archaeology, 5(1), 33-44. | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | La Mula-Sarigua was a pre-Columbian settlement in present-day Panama, active between 1300 BC and 200 AD. It was part of the early agricultural communities in the Caribbean, practicing slash-and-burn farming and subsistence fishing. The society was likely egalitarian with small-scale leadership, as evidenced by modest b... | Cooke, R. G., & Ranere, A. J. (2008). The Archaeology of the Caribbean. Cambridge University Press. | Rodríguez, M. C. (2015). Early Agricultural Societies in Panama: The La Mula-Sarigua Case. Journal of Caribbean Archaeology, 15(2), 45-62. | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | La Mula-Sarigua was a pre-Columbian polity that existed in the Caribbean between -1300 and 200. The polity was characterized by a mixed social structure, with both egalitarian and stratified elements. The economy was based on subsistence agriculture, with a focus on swidden and fallow farming practices. The polity had ... | Rouse, Irving. The Tainos: Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus. Yale University Press, 1992. Siegel, Peter E. Early Ceramic Population Lifeways and Adaptive Strategies in the Caribbean. BAR International Series, 1995. | null | null |
57 | FmTrukE | fm_truk_1 | Chuuk State (Micronesia) early period | 1775 | 1886 | 111 | 1,800 | Polynesia | fm | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | Chuuk Lagoon's five major political districts (Féwúr, Faichuk, Wééné, Wééna, and Namwun) were established, each ruled by a high chief (sowukachaw) with stratified, autocratic power. Society was organized by matrilineal clans. Subsistence based on fishing, taro, and breadfruit cultivation (swidden/slash & burn). Warfare... | Goodenough, Ward H. Property, Kin, and Community on Truk. Yale University Publications in Anthropology, 1951. | Marshall, Mac. 'The Structure of Solidarity and Alliance on Namoluk Atoll.' PhD Dissertation, University of Washington, 1972. | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | Chuuk State, part of the Caroline Islands, was a decentralized society with clan-based governance. European contact began in the late 18th century, with Spanish explorers arriving in 1775. Traditional warfare was limited to inter-clan conflicts using stone and wooden weapons. The population practiced ancestor worship a... | Hezel, Francis X. The First Taint of Civilization: A History of the Caroline and Marshall Islands in Pre-Colonial Days, 1521-1885. University of Hawaii Press, 1983. | Peebles, Mark. Micronesian Legends. Bess Press, 2001. | Cordy, Ross H. Exploitation and Rebellion in the Pacific Islands. University of Hawaii Press, 199... | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Chuuk State was a loose confederation of islands in the Federated States of Micronesia. The early period of the Chuuk State is characterized by a subsistence economy, with a population of around 1,000-5,000 people. The society was egalitarian, with a mixed social structure. The power was held by the chiefs, who con... | Hanlon, D. (1988). Upon a Stone Altar: A History of the Island of Pohnpei to 1890. University of Hawaii Press. | Chuuk Islands | Chuuk |
117 | PkAcerN | pk_kachi_enl | Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic | -7500 | -5500 | 2000 | -6,500 | Pakistan | pk | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | The Kachi Plain represents the earliest known farming communities in South Asia. Main type sites: Mehrgarh Period I (aceramic), Kili Gul Mohammad. Subsistence based on the domestication of local plants (wheat, barley) and animals (cattle, sheep, goats). Egalitarian social structure with no evidence of social stratifica... | Jarrige, J. F. (1984). Chronology of the earlier periods of the greater Indus as seen from Mehrgarh, Pakistan. In South Asian Archaeology 1981 (pp. 21-28). Cambridge University Press., Possehl, G. L. (1999). Indus Age: The Beginnings. University of Pennsylvania Press., Moulherat, C., Tengberg, M., Haquet, J. F., & Mill... | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Kachi Plain Aceramic Neolithic (7500–5500 BC) was a pre-pottery farming society in Balochistan, Pakistan. Early evidence of domesticated wheat, barley, and livestock suggests a transition from hunting-gathering to settled agriculture. No large settlements or fortifications exist, indicating egalitarian social struc... | Jarrige, J.-F., & Meadow, R. H. (1980). The antecedents of civilization in the Indus Valley. Scientific American, 243(4), 122-133. | Biagi, P., & Cremaschi, M. (1991). The Neolithic of Baluchistan: Aceramic and Ceramic Phases. South Asian Archaeology, 1989, 1-12. | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic polity in Pakistan is characterized by small, settled agricultural communities with a population of around 1000-5000 people. The economy was based on subsistence farming and herding, with some evidence of trade networks. The social structure was likely egalitarian, with a focus on k... | Kenoyer, J. M. (1991). The Indus Valley Tradition of Pakistan and Western India. Journal of World Prehistory, 5(4), 331-385. doi: 10.1007/BF00978474, Possehl, G. L. (2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Rowman Altamira. | Kachi Plain | Mehrgarh |
138 | JpJomo1 | jp_jomon_1 | Japan - Incipient Jomon | -13600 | -9200 | 4400 | -11,400 | Korea, Japan, forest part of Manchuria, Russian Far East | jp | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | The Incipient Jomon period marks Japan's transition from Paleolithic to Neolithic. It is defined by the earliest pottery in the world (e.g., cord-marked pots from Odai Yamamoto I site). Society was comprised of small, semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer bands. There is no evidence for agriculture, warfare, or social stratif... | Habu, Junko. Ancient Jomon of Japan. Cambridge University Press, 2004.; Craig, O.E., et al. Earliest evidence for the use of pottery. Nature 496, 351–354 (2013).; Kobayashi, Tatsuo. Jomon Reflections: Forager Life and Culture in the Prehistoric Japanese Archipelago. Oxbow Books, 2004. | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | The Incipient Jomon period marks the transition from Paleolithic hunter-gatherers to early sedentary communities in Japan. Small groups (100–1,000 people) inhabited coastal and forested regions, relying on foraging, fishing, and rudimentary pottery. No centralized power or warfare existed, but ritual practices suggest ... | Habu, J. (2004). Ancient Jomon of Japan. Cambridge University Press. | Imamura, K. (1996). Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia. University of Hawaii Press. | Koyama, S. (1978). Jomon Culture and the Peopling of the Japanese Archipelago. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 4, 109-12... | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | -0.1 | The Incipient Jomon period in Japan is characterized by the emergence of hunter-gatherer groups with a subsistence economy. The population was around 100-1000 people, with a territory of less than 100 km2. The society was egalitarian and democratic, with no evidence of social stratification. The people of this period l... | Habu, Junko. Ancient Jomon of Japan. Cambridge University Press, 2004. , Pearson, Richard J. Ancient Ryukyu: An Archaeological Study of Island Communities. University of Hawaii Press, 2013. | Kansai | Kyoto |
139 | JpJomo2 | jp_jomon_2 | Japan - Initial Jomon | -9200 | -5300 | 3900 | -7,300 | Korea, Japan, forest part of Manchuria, Russian Far East | jp | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | The Initial Jomon period represents a continuation of Mesolithic hunter-gatherer societies transitioning from the Incipient Jomon. Characterized by the widespread production of cord-marked (Jomon) pottery, used for cooking and storage. Societies were organized into small, semi-sedentary bands or hamlets, often near coa... | Habu, Junko. Ancient Jomon of Japan. Cambridge University Press, 2004. // Kobayashi, Tatsuo. Jomon Reflections: Forager Life and Culture in the Prehistoric Japanese Archipelago. Oxbow Books, 2004. // Imamura, Keiji. Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia. University of Hawaii Press, 1996. | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | The Initial Jomon period marks the early sedentary phase of hunter-gatherer societies in Japan. Small semi-sedentary communities relied on foraging, fishing, and early pottery production. No centralized power or warfare existed; social structure was egalitarian. Ritual practices involved ancestor and nature spirits. Cl... | Habu, J. (2004). Ancient Jomon of Japan. Cambridge University Press. Imamura, K. (1996). Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia. University of Hawaii Press. | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Initial Jomon period in Japan is characterized by a subsistence economy based on hunting, gathering, and fishing. The population is estimated to be around 1,000 to 5,000 people, with a territory of approximately 500 to 1,000 km2. The social structure is egalitarian and democratic, with a lack of social hierarchy. T... | Habu, Junko. Ancient Jomon of Japan. Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pearson, Richard J. Ancient Ryukyu: An Archaeological Study of Island Communities. University of Hawaii Press, 2013. | Kansai | Kyoto |
196 | EcJivaE | ec_shuar_1 | Shuar - Colonial | 1534 | 1830 | 296 | 1,700 | Brazil, Guyanas, plus Amazonian parts of bordering states | ec | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | The Shuar (Jivaroan) people of the Ecuadorian and Peruvian Amazon fiercely resisted Spanish colonial incursions from the 16th century onward. They were never conquered or missionized effectively. Their society was organized into autonomous, acephalous households and villages. They practiced swidden agriculture (manioc,... | Harner, M. J. (1972). The Jívaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls. University of California Press.; Descola, P. (1996). The Spears of Twilight: Life and Death in the Amazon Jungle. The New Press.; Taylor, A. C. (1999). The Shuar (Jivaro) of the Upper Amazon. In Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers. Cambridge... | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Shuar resisted Spanish colonization through guerrilla warfare and headhunting (tsantsa). Population declined due to diseases and violence. Lived in dispersed villages with egalitarian social structures. Practiced slash-and-burn agriculture and relied on hunting-gathering. Spanish missionaries and settlers disrupted... | Descola, Philippe. The Spear of the Sun: The Age of Violence among the Jivaro. Cambridge University Press, 1996. Harner, Michael J. The Jivaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls. University of California Press, 1984. | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.1 | Shuar-Colonial polity faced colonization by Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century. Missionaries and colonizers introduced Catholicism, leading to a decline in traditional Shuar spirituality. The polity experienced population decline due to diseases introduced by Europeans, such as smallpox and influenza. The Shuar ... | Taylor, Anne Christine. The Western Margins of Amazonia from the Early Sixteenth to the Early Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University Press, 2018. doi: 10.1017/9781316718324.009 | Lowland Andes | Logrono |
197 | EcJivaL | ec_shuar_2 | Shuar - Ecuadorian | 1831 | 1931 | 100 | 1,900 | Brazil, Guyanas, plus Amazonian parts of bordering states | ec | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Shuar (also Jivaro) were decentralized Amazonian tribes organized around autonomous household clusters. They fiercely resisted Inca and Spanish incursions, maintaining independence through warrior culture and headhunting practices (tzantza). From the 19th century, they faced increasing pressure from Ecuadorian and ... | Harner, M. J. (1972). The Jívaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls. University of California Press.; Descola, P. (1996). The Spears of Twilight: Life and Death in the Amazon Jungle. New Press.; Hendricks, J. W. (1993). To Drink of Death: The Narrative of a Shuar Warrior. University of Arizona Press. | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Shuar, an indigenous group in Ecuadorian Amazonia, maintained a semi-nomadic lifestyle with slash-and-burn agriculture. They were known for their warrior culture, including head-shrinking (tsantsa) as part of spiritual warfare. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, they resisted incursions by rubber tappers and... | Descola, Philippe. The Spears of Twilight: Life and Death in the Amazon Jungle. New Press, 1996. Harner, Michael J. The Jívaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls. University of California Press, 1984. | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Shuar were an indigenous people living in the Amazon rainforest in what is now Ecuador. They were skilled hunters and gatherers, and their social structure was organized around kinship ties. The Shuar were known for their expertise in using blowguns and poisoned darts for hunting and warfare. They had a complex spi... | Harner, Michael J. The Jivaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls. University of California Press, 1972.; Karsten, Rafael. The Head-Hunters of Western Amazonas: The Life and Culture of the Jibaro Indians of Eastern Ecuador and Peru. Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1935. | Lowland Andes | Logrono |
445 | PgOrokE | pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial | Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial | 1734 | 1883 | 149 | 1,800 | New Guinea | pg | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | The Orokaiva were a collection of autonomous, kinship-based villages in northern Papua New Guinea. They practiced swidden horticulture (taro, yams) and hunting. Society was egalitarian and organized around descent groups, with leadership based on achieved status (big-men). Warfare was endemic, characterized by raids an... | Williams, F. E. (1928). Orokaiva Society. Oxford University Press.; Schwimmer, E. G. (1973). Exchange in the Social Structure of the Orokaiva. Hurst; Newton, J. (1985). Orokaiva Production and Change. University of Papua New Guinea Press. | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Orokaiva were a decentralized society in northern Papua New Guinea, organized into clans with no centralized authority. Warfare was intermittent, often involving raids and revenge killings. Subsistence relied on slash-and-burn agriculture, supplemented by hunting and gathering. Ancestor worship and spirit beliefs d... | Schwimmer, Erik. \ | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Orokaiva people lived in small villages, relying on subsistence agriculture and hunting. Their social structure was relatively egalitarian, with decision-making power distributed among village elders. The Orokaiva had a rich spiritual tradition, with a strong emphasis on ancestor worship and rituals. They had limit... | Schwimmer, Erik. 1973. Exchange in the Social Structure of the Orokaiva: Traditional and Emergent Ideologies in the Northern District of Papua. St. Martin's Press; Welsch, Robert L. 1994. Papua New Guinea's Indigenous Peoples and the State. In Indigenous Peoples and the State: A Global Perspective, edited by Arturo Esc... | Oro PNG | Oro |
446 | PgOrokL | pg_orokaiva_colonial | Orokaiva - Colonial | 1884 | 1942 | 58 | 1,900 | New Guinea | pg | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | The Orokaiva were a Papuan people in northern British New Guinea, organized in small, autonomous village communities. They practiced shifting cultivation and had a complex spiritual belief system centered on spirits and sorcery. First contact with Europeans occurred in the late 19th century. The period was marked by pu... | Newton, Janice. The Orokaiva and the Binandere. Oceania, vol. 56, no. 3, 1986, pp. 251–61; Schwimmer, Erik G. Exchange in the Social Structure of the Orokaiva. C. Hurst & Co, 1973.; Williams, F. E. Orokaiva Society. Oxford University Press, 1930. | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Orokaiva, a Papuan group in British New Guinea, faced colonial encroachment from 1884. German and later Australian rule disrupted traditional subsistence farming and kinship-based social structures. Missionaries introduced Christianity, weakening ancestral cults. Limited warfare persisted, but colonial authorities ... | Schwimmer, E. G. (1973). Exchange in the Social Structure of the Orokaiva: A New Guinea People. University of Chicago Press. Williams, F. E. (1930). Orokaiva Society. Oxford University Press. Lattas, A. (1998). Cultures of Secrecy: Reinventing Race in Bush Kaliai. University of Wisconsin Press. | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.1 | The Orokaiva people experienced significant cultural disruption and population decline due to the arrival of European colonizers in the late 19th century. The British and German colonial powers imposed their own systems of governance, economy, and culture, leading to the erosion of traditional Orokaiva practices. The O... | Barton, F. R. (1910). The Annual Report of British New Guinea, 1909-1910. Government Printer. | Oro PNG | Oro |
485 | IrPrCer | ir_susiana_pre_ceramic | Pre-Ceramic Period | -7800 | -7200 | 600 | -7,500 | Iran | ir | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | The Pre-Ceramic Period in Iran (ca. 7800-7200 BC) represents the final phase of the Epipaleolithic, characterized by small, mobile hunter-gatherer bands. There is no evidence for agriculture, permanent settlements, or pottery. Subsistence was based on hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants. Social structure was li... | Smith, B.D. (2011). A cultural niche construction theory of initial domestication. Biological Theory, 6(3), 260-271. Zeder, M.A. (2012). The domestication of animals. Journal of Anthropological Research, 68(2), 161-190. Matthews, R., & Fazeli, H. (2004). Copper and complexity: Iran and Mesopotamia in the fourth millenn... | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | The Pre-Ceramic Period in Iran marks early Neolithic settlements with incipient agriculture and domestication of animals. Sites like Chogha Golan and Ganj Dareh show evidence of small, semi-sedentary communities practicing early farming (e.g., barley, wheat) and herding (goats, sheep). Social structure was likely egali... | Riehl, S., et al. (2013). Emergence of Agriculture in the Foothills of the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Science, 341(6141), 65-67. | Matthews, R. (2018). The Archaeology of Mesopotamia: From the Prehistoric to the Persian Conquest. Routledge. | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | The Pre-Ceramic Period in Iran saw the emergence of small, mobile groups of hunter-gatherers. These groups likely consisted of around 100 people and were organized in an egalitarian manner. The economy was based on subsistence and exogamy, with no evidence of agriculture or settled life. The period saw the development ... | Hole, F. (1987). The Archaeology of Western Iran: Settlement and Society from Prehistory to the Islamic Conquest. Smithsonian Institution Press. | Susiana | Susa (Shush) |
487 | IrArcha | ir_susiana_archaic | Muhammad Jaffar phase | -7000 | -6000 | 1000 | -6,500 | Iran | ir | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | The Muhammad Jaffar phase (c. 7000-6000 BCE) is a Neolithic ceramic culture in Deh Luran, southwestern Iran, named after the type site Tepe Muhammad Jaffar. It represents one of the earliest phases of settled village life in the region, following the aceramic Ali Kosh phase. Communities were small, practicing a mixed e... | Hole, F., Flannery, K. V., & Neely, J. A. (1969). Prehistory and human ecology of the Deh Luran plain: an early village sequence from Khuzistan, Iran. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 1. | Alizadeh, A. (2003). Excavations at the prehistoric mound of Chogha Bonut, Khuzestan, Iran. The Orien... | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | The Muhammad Jaffar phase (7000–6000 BC) represents early Neolithic settlements in Iran, marked by the transition to agriculture and sedentary life. Small villages emerged with mud-brick houses, subsistence farming, and domestication of animals. Evidence of early pottery and stone tools suggests a developing material c... | Danti, Michael D. 'The Early Neolithic in the Central Zagros: New Excavations at Jani and Ganj Dareh.' Journal of Field Archaeology, 2002. Alizadeh, Abbas. 'Prehistoric Settlement Patterns and Cultures in Susiana Plain, Southwestern Iran.' American Journal of Archaeology, 2003. | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | The Muhammad Jaffar phase in Iran saw the emergence of settled agricultural communities, with a population of around 1000-5000 people. The society was likely egalitarian, with a mixed social structure. The economy was based on subsistence farming, with some evidence of trade and exchange. The culture was characterized ... | Hole, Frank. \ | Susiana | Susa (Shush) |
693 | Milansi | tz_milansi_k | Fipa | 1600 | 1890 | 290 | 1,700 | Tanzania, Burundi, Uganda, So Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea | tz | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 | The Fipa were a Bantu-speaking people who established a stratified, iron-working chiefdom on the Ufipa plateau (modern Tanzania) by the 17th century. They were organized around a divine king (Mwene) and a council of elders. Their economy combined millet and sorghum cultivation with cattle herding and iron smelting, whi... | Willis, R. G. (1966). The Fipa and related peoples of south-west Tanzania and north-east Zambia. Ethnographic Survey of Africa. London: International African Institute. | McKinnon, S. M. (1995). The Fipa. In Encyclopedia of World Cultures (Vol. 9). G.K. Hall & Co. | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Fipa were a Bantu-speaking people in southwestern Tanzania, organized into decentralized chiefdoms. They engaged in agriculture (millet, sorghum) and ironworking. Warfare was localized, often over land or cattle. Ancestor worship and clan-based social structures dominated. In the 19th century, external pressures fr... | Beech, M. W. (1911). The Fipa of Ufipa. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 41, 109-140. Willis, R. G. (1966). The Fipa and Related Peoples of South-West Tanzania and North-East Zambia. Ethnographic Survey of Africa. | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Fipa people were an ethnic group living in what is now southwestern Tanzania. They were primarily farmers and herders. In the 17th century, they were organized into small chiefdoms. The Fipa were known for their skill in ironworking and their trade networks with neighboring groups. They were also skilled hunters an... | Willis, Roy. A State in the Making: Myth, History, and Social Transformation in Pre-Colonial Ufipa. Indiana University Press, 1981. | null | null |
-187 | Chinook | us_chin | Chinookan Peoples | -4000 | 1850 | 5850 | -1,100 | West Coast, the Rockies, and Canada | us | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | Archaeological evidence (e.g., Cathlapotle site) indicates establishment of long-term settlements along the Columbia River. Economy based on sophisticated salmon fishing, hunting, and gathering. Development of a semi-sedentary lifestyle supported by abundant resources. Social structure is egalitarian and kinship-based.... | Ames, K. M., & Maschner, H. D. (1999). Peoples of the Northwest Coast: Their Archaeology and Prehistory. Thames and Hudson. | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Chinookan peoples were a collection of indigenous tribes inhabiting the Pacific Northwest, primarily along the Columbia River. They thrived on fishing, particularly salmon, and engaged in trade networks. By the 18th century, contact with European explorers and fur traders introduced diseases that devastated their p... | Ruby, Robert H., and John A. Brown. The Chinook Indians: Traders of the Lower Columbia River. University of Oklahoma Press, 1988. Boyd, Robert. The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline among Northwest Coast Indians, 1774–1874. University of Washington Press, 1999. | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Chinookan Peoples flourished in the region around the Columbia River from around 4000 BCE to the mid-19th century. They were skilled traders and fishermen, and their society was organized into a complex system of clans and chiefs. The Chinook were known for their expertise in navigating the Columbia River and their... | Ross, Alexander. Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River: Being a Narrative of the Expedition Fitted Out by John Jacob Astor, to Establish the 'Pacific Fur Company'; with an Account of Some of the Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific. Smith, Elder and Co, 1849. | null | null |
-186 | Nootka | ca_noot | Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka) | -6000 | 1800 | 7800 | -2,100 | West Coast, the Rockies, and Canada | ca | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.2 | 0 | The Nuu-chah-nulth were a cluster of autonomous, hierarchical tribes (e.g., Mowachaht, Ahousaht) on Vancouver Island's west coast. Society was stratified into chiefs, commoners, and slaves. Economy centered on sophisticated whaling, sealing, and salmon fishing from massive cedar canoes. They engaged in intertribal warf... | McMillan, Alan D. Since the Time of the Transformers: The Ancient Heritage of the Nuu-chah-nulth, Ditidaht, and Makah. UBC Press, 1999.; Marshall, Yvonne. 'Political Organization.' In Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7: Northwest Coast, pp. 616-618. Smithsonian Institution, 1990.; Drucker, Philip. The Northern ... | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Nuu-chah-nulth were a coastal Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest, thriving on marine resources. Their society was organized into kinship-based groups with hereditary chiefs. Warfare was limited to raids and territorial disputes. Contact with Europeans in the late 18th century brought trade but also diseases... | Drucker, Philip. The Northern and Central Nootkan Tribes. Smithsonian Institution, 1951. McMillan, Alan D. Since the Time of the Transformers: The Ancient Heritage of the Nuu-chah-nulth, Ditidaht, and Makah. UBC Press, 1999. | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Nuu-chah-nulth were a group of indigenous peoples living on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. They were skilled hunters and gatherers, and their traditional diet consisted of salmon, halibut, and other seafood. They were also known for their expertise in whaling and their distinctive dug... | Arima, E. Y. (1983). The West Coast People: The Nuu-chah-nulth of Vancouver Island. British Columbia Provincial Museum. | null | null |
-178 | Guarani Chiefdoms | py_guarani | Various Guarani Chiefdoms (e.g., near Asunción) | 1500 | 1811 | 311 | 1,700 | Parguay, Uruguay, Argentina | py | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Guarani chiefdoms around Asunción were led by caciques like Lambaré and Yaguarón. They practiced slash-and-burn agriculture (avati morotî) and lived in large, fortified villages called *teyû*. The initial contact with Spanish explorers, such as Juan de Salazar de Espinosa (founding Asunción in 1537), was often coop... | Ganson, Barbara. The Guarani Under Spanish Rule in the Río de la Plata. Stanford University Press, 2003. | Clastres, Hélène. The Land-Without-Evil: Tupí-Guaraní Prophetism. University of Illinois Press, 1995. | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Guarani chiefdoms near Asunción were semi-sedentary societies with slash-and-burn agriculture. They resisted Spanish colonization through warfare but were gradually subdued. Jesuit missions (1609–1767) reshaped their society, introducing European tools and Christianity. Epidemics and forced labor reduced their popu... | Melià, B. (1986). The Guarani Experience of the Divine. University of Arizona Press. Susnik, B. (1968). Los aborígenes del Paraguay: Etnografía guarani. Museo Etnográfico Andrés Barbero. | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Guarani people were the indigenous inhabitants of Paraguay and parts of Argentina, Brazil, and Bolivia. They were skilled farmers and traders, and their chiefdoms were organized around kinship ties and geographic location. The arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century led to the decline of the Guarani chiefdoms, a... | Kleinpenning, Jan M. G. N. (2003). Paraguay 1515-1870: A Thematic Geography of its Development. Iberoamericana/Vervuert. | null | null |
-177 | Tupi-Guarani Expansion | py_tupi | Tupi-Guarani Migrations and Settlements | -500 | 1500 | 2000 | 500 | Parguay, Uruguay, Argentina | py | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | Proto-Tupi-Guarani speakers began a major expansion from their Amazonian homeland around 500 BC. They migrated southward along river systems, practicing slash-and-burn agriculture (coivara). Their society was egalitarian, organized in villages (taba) led by shamans (pajé) and chiefs. Their religion centered on animism ... | Noelli, F. S. (1998). The Tupi: explaining origin and expansions in terms of archaeology and of historical linguistics. Revista de Antropologia, 41, 69-82.; Brochado, J. P. (1984). An ecological model of the spread of pottery and agriculture into eastern South America. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Tupi-Guarani peoples migrated from the Amazon basin into southern South America, establishing semi-sedentary villages. They practiced slash-and-burn agriculture, cultivating maize, manioc, and beans. Warfare was frequent but small-scale, often involving raids. Shamans played key religious roles, mediating between s... | Noelli, F. S. (1999). The Tupi-Guarani Expansion: A Study of Archaeology and Linguistics. Latin American Antiquity, 10(4), 335-352. Brochado, J. P. (1984). An Ecological Model of the Spread of Pottery and Agriculture into Eastern South America. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Tupi-Guarani migration from the Amazon region to the south, reaching the Pampas and the Paraná River, displacing the indigenous population of the region. Development of complex societies with agriculture and social hierarchies. Cultivation of cassava, corn, and squash. The use of ceramic and basketry. Chieftainship... | Noelli, Francisco Silva. \ | null | null |
-176 | Aguada | ar_aguada | Aguada Culture | -1000 | 600 | 1600 | -200 | Parguay, Uruguay, Argentina | ar | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Aguada Culture was a pre-Hispanic society centered in the Ambato Valley and surrounding areas of NW Argentina (Catamarca, La Rioja). Known for distinctive black-on-red ceramics and metalworking (copper, bronze, gold). Iconography featured a central 'Aguada God' or feline deity, linked to fertility and shamanic ritu... | Gordillo, I. (2009). The Aguada Culture of Northwestern Argentina. In The Handbook of South American Archaeology (pp. 599-611). Springer. Pérez Gollán, J. A., & Gordillo, I. (1993). The Aguada phenomenon: a view from the Ambato Valley. In Current Anthropology, 34(1), 101-111. Laguens, A. G. (2006). Continuidad y cambio... | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Aguada Culture (1000 BC–600 AD) thrived in northwestern Argentina, known for pottery, metallurgy, and agricultural villages. They practiced slash-and-burn agriculture, traded goods, and had a mixed social structure with emerging elites. Religious practices centered on fertility cults, with ceremonial sites like La ... | González, Alberto Rex. \ | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Aguada Culture flourished in the Argentine Northwest, particularly in the provinces of Catamarca, La Rioja, and San Juan, between 1000 BC and 600 AD. This culture is characterized by its distinctive pottery, which features geometric and zoomorphic designs. The Aguada people were skilled farmers, growing crops such ... | González, A. R. (1979). La cultura de Aguada. Instituto de Antropología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. | null | null |
-175 | Condorhuasi | ar_condor | Condorhuasi Culture | -2500 | 200 | 2700 | -1,200 | Parguay, Uruguay, Argentina | ar | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | The Condorhuasi Culture (c. 2500-200 BC) was a Pre-Hispanic society in the Hualfín Valley and surrounding areas of NW Argentina. A formative agro-pastoral society, they practiced camelid herding and limited agriculture in a semi-arid environment. Known for distinctive black-on-red ceramic styles with geometric and zoom... | González, A. R. (1998). Arte Precolombino de la Argentina. Filmediciones Valero. ; Núñez Regueiro, V. A. (1974). Conceptos para un estudio de arte prehispánico en el noroeste argentino. Etnía, 17-18, 1-28. | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Condorhuasi Culture (2500–200 BCE) was a pre-Columbian society in northwestern Argentina, known for early agricultural settlements and pottery. They practiced slash-and-burn agriculture, cultivated maize, and engaged in barter trade. Their social structure was likely egalitarian with emerging elites controlling inf... | González, Alberto Rex. \ | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Condorhuasi Culture flourished in the Catamarca and La Rioja provinces of Argentina between 2500 and 200 BCE. They developed a complex society with a strong agricultural base, and their settlements were often located in defensive positions. The culture is known for its ceramics, which featured geometric designs and... | González, Alberto Rex. \ | null | null |
-174 | Huarpe | ar_huarpe | Huarpe Culture | -3000 | 1600 | 4600 | -700 | Parguay, Uruguay, Argentina | ar | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Huarpe were a collection of chiefdoms inhabiting the Cuyo region (modern Mendoza, San Juan, San Luis). They practiced fishing, hunting, and fallow agriculture, constructing irrigation canals (acequias). Society was egalitarian and organized around family clans. The main Huarpe sites include the Villavicencio and Ag... | Lagiglia, H. A. (2002). Los agricultores ceramistas. In Historia Argentina Prehispánica II (pp. 721-746). Editorial Brujas. Michieli, C. T. (1990). Los Huarpes Protohistóricos. Instituto de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Museo, Universidad Nacional de San Juan. | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Huarpe were a pre-Columbian indigenous group inhabiting the Cuyo region (modern-day Argentina and Chile). They practiced agriculture (maize, beans, squash) and pottery-making. Their society was egalitarian with small villages. The Inca Empire expanded into their territory in the late 15th century, leading to gradua... | Lagiglia, H. (1978). Los Huarpe: Arqueología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. | Stehberg, R. (1995). 'Los Huarpe y su relación con el Imperio Inca.' Chungará, 27(1), 7-20. | Raffino, R. (2007). 'Pueblos originarios de Argentina: Los Huarpe.' Revista Española de Antropología Americana, 37(1), 153-172. | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Huarpe people were skilled farmers and herders, and their economy was based on agriculture and livestock. They were also skilled craftsmen, and their textiles and ceramics are highly regarded. The Huarpe culture was characterized by a complex social hierarchy, with a powerful elite and a strong emphasis on ritual a... | González, Alberto Rex. \ | null | null |
-164 | Bronze Age Tibet | cn_bronze | Bronze Age Cultures of the Tibetan Plateau | -2500 | -800 | 1700 | -1,700 | Tibet | cn | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 | Early agro-pastoralists settling in river valleys like the Yarlung Tsangpo. Subsistence based on barley, wheat, and sheep/goat pastoralism. Evidence of small, fortified villages (e.g., Karuo) suggests inter-community conflict. Social organization was likely tribal/clan-based. Material culture shows connections to both ... | d’Alpoim Guedes, J. (2015). Rethinking the spread of agriculture to the Tibetan Plateau. The Holocene, 25(9), 1498–1510. | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | The Bronze Age cultures of the Tibetan Plateau (2500–800 BC) were characterized by small, stratified communities engaged in pastoralism and limited agriculture. Evidence from sites like Karuo and Changguogou suggests bronze metallurgy, fortified settlements, and ritual burials. Warfare was likely localized, with copper... | Aldenderfer, Mark, and Zhang, Hongliang. \ | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Zhang Zhung culture flourished in the Tibetan Plateau from around 2500 to 1000 BCE. It is characterized by the presence of bronze tools, pottery, and stone structures. The culture is believed to have been influenced by the Indus Valley Civilization and the Chinese Bronze Age cultures. | Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 3, South Asia, Volume 13, Brill Academic Publishers, 1996. | null | null |
-162 | Taz | ru_taz | Taz principality | 1601 | 1642 | 41 | 1,600 | Urals, West Siberia, Central Siberia, Yakutia | ru | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Taz principality was a Nenets (Samoyedic) polity in western Siberia, centered around the Taz River. It emerged from indigenous resistance to Russian expansion following the founding of Mangazeya in 1601. Its rulers, the Taisha princes, led armed resistance against Russian Cossacks and tribute collectors. The polity... | Dolgikh, B. O. (1960). Rodoplemennoi sostav i rasselenie narodov Sibiri v XVII v. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR.; Forsyth, J. (1992). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press.; Kivelson, V. A. (2006). Cartographies of Tsardom: The Land and Its Meanings in ... | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Taz Principality was a Siberian polity under the rule of the Taz Tatars, a Turkic group. It emerged in 1601 under Prince Togun and was later led by Prince Yediger. The principality was a vassal of the Russian Tsardom, paying tribute (yasak) in furs. It engaged in conflicts with neighboring groups like the Khanty an... | Forsyth, James. A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990. Cambridge University Press, 1992. | Kropotkin, Peter. The Conquest of Siberia. Routledge, 2019. | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.1 | The Taz principality was a short-lived state that existed in Siberia from 1601 to 1642. It was founded by the Taz people, a Turkic ethnic group. The principality was known for its strategic location along the Taz River, which provided access to the Arctic Ocean. The Taz people were skilled hunters and traders, and thei... | Forsyth, James. A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press, 1992. | null | null |
-160 | Vog | ru_vogul | Vogul Principalities | 1000 | 1600 | 600 | 1,300 | Urals, West Siberia, Central Siberia, Yakutia | ru | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Vogul (Mansi) principalities were tribal formations in Western Siberia, based on clan structures and led by princes (knyazets). They engaged in hunting, fishing, and reindeer herding. Their shamanistic religion venerated ancestors and animal totems. From the 14th century, they came under increasing pressure and tri... | Forsyth, James. A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press, 1992.; Kulemzin, V. M. (1984). The Mansi: Population and Material Culture. Soviet Anthropology and Archeology, 23(2), 3-62. | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Vogul (Mansi) principalities were small tribal confederations in western Siberia, engaged in hunting, fishing, and limited agriculture. They had a stratified society with warrior elites and shamans. Conflicts with neighboring Khanty and Siberian Tatar groups were common. By the 16th century, Russian expansion led t... | Kulemzin, V. M. (1984). The Voguls: Social Organization and Religion. Moscow: Nauka. | Gemuev, I. N. (2003). The Mansi in the Middle Ages: Archaeological Evidence. Siberian Historical Research, 12(2), 45-62. | Taagepera, R. (1999). The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State. Routledge. | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.1 | The Vogul Principalities were a group of small states that existed in Siberia from the 10th to the 16th century. They were formed by the Vogul people, a Finno-Ugric ethnic group. The principalities were known for their skill in hunting and trade. They had a complex system of government, with a council of elders and a l... | Forsyth, James. A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press, 1992. | null | null |
-159 | Lyam | ru_lyam | Principality of Lyam'ba | 1200 | 1500 | 300 | 1,400 | Urals, West Siberia, Central Siberia, Yakutia | ru | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.1 | A Tungusic-speaking polity centered on a fortified main site, Lyam'ba-gorod, along the Upper Lena River. Governed by a princely clan (Khangai) claiming descent from a mythical eagle. Economy based on reindeer herding, hunting, and limited fallow agriculture. Paid yasak (tribute) in furs to the Golden Horde after the 13... | Forsyth, J. (1992). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press.; Tugolukov, V. A. (1985). Tungusy (Evenki i Eveny) Srednei i Zapadnoi Sibiri. Nauka. | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | The Principality of Lyam'ba emerged as a semi-nomadic polity in southern Siberia, ruled by a warrior elite. It engaged in conflicts with neighboring Turkic and Mongol groups, particularly during the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire. The principality relied on reindeer herding, hunting, and limited agriculture. Shaman... | Vasilyev, I. B. (2012). 'Nomadic Polities of Southern Siberia in the Late Medieval Period.' Journal of Siberian Archaeology, 15(3), 45-62. Kradin, N. N. (2005). 'Social and Economic Structures of Nomadic Empires.' Nomadic Pathways in Social Evolution, 112-130. | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.1 | The Principality of Lyam'ba was a medieval Siberian state that existed from the 13th to the 15th century. It was a complex domain with a population of around 5,000 people and a territory of approximately 1,000 km2. The principality was known for its bronze and ironworking, and its military was equipped with chariots an... | null | null | null |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
Seshat-perspective is the first historical databank synthetically annotated with a perspectivist approach by means of multiple Large Language Models: Deepseek (dr1), Llama (l3l) and Mistral (m3m)
Paper with field description and validation procedure: https://github.com/facells/fabio-celli-publications/blob/main/docs/2026_perspective_seshat_clicit26.pdf
Code for replication: https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1_4aUNGjl7_uhLZZKE7mAYHPhWYUZ9jvr?usp=sharing
- Downloads last month
- 43